Chapter I. Genesis nogayskogo ethnicity.

1. Education Nogai Horde

2. Resettlement of people in nogayskogo XIV – XIX centuries

3. Features of life Nogai

Chapter II. The current situation Nogai.

1. The area of settlement and the situation in the diaspora Nogai XX in

2. Modern Problems and Solutions

Conclusion

Literature

? Introduction

Russia – a multi-ethnic state, an alloy of cultures, traditions, religious various ethnic groups. One of the most diverse ethnic composition is the North Caucasus region. To understand the historical development of the historical and forecast the situation in the future it is necessary to examine not only the general rules, but the specific features of the nation as a whole and a single district, an area the region.

In this case, the specifics of the North Caucasus region can be attributed the large number of so-called ethnic groups, one of which is Nogays. In addition, according to some estimates nogayskaya Diaspora in the North Caucasus on the number 4 took place, and thus capable of both ethnic groups to influence the public, political and cultural development of the region. Nogays are the oldest residents of vast steppes of the North Caucasus, including Stavropol. The vast majority of scientists agree with Russia one of the indisputable authority scientist tyurkologa Y. Evstigneeva, which is that with the hollow ground direct descendants Polovtsy (kypchakov) are the only Nogays. Complex historical paths came to his current position in a number of other ethnicities Nogays. Interest in the history of my own people and the relevance of this research.

The aim of course is the study of nogayskogo ethnic group in the past and present.

This goal determines the following tasks:

– Examine the history of education Nogai hordes;

– Examine the process of resettlement nogayskogo people in the XVI – XIX centuries.;

– Based on the investigation of the spiritual life of ethnic nogayskogo adjacent to trace the interaction of cultures;

– To describe the current location Nogai diaspora;

– To explore contemporary issues Nogai, living in the North Caucasus, and to identify ways to address them.

The object of study is Nogai ethnic group in the past and present.

The subject of study – history of, culture, traditions Nogai.

During the study was used the following methods:

– Analysis of the literature on this issue;

– Comparison of sources for each issue;

– Synthesis of information received;

– The method of the similarities and differences.

? Chapter I. Genesis nogayskogo ethnicity.

1. Education Nogai Horde.

Nogays have complex origins. Nogai obrazovalcya ethnicity as a result of the merger of a number of Turkic (kangly, kypchaki, Bulgars, balkaly, alashi etc.) tribes gradually assimilated Turks. The ancient territory of the nomadic tribes located in the north-west of Mongolia, Central Asia, Прииртышье and all over Desht-and-Kipchaka. However, the main component of the actual nogayskogo Turkic-speaking ethnic group were already mangyty – people ulus Golden Horde temnika Nogaya (XIII century).. Ethnonym Nogays (self-leg) is derived from the name of Khan Nogaya (died in 1296 or 1300). The foot in the last 40 years has been a major public figure in the Golden Horde, known far beyond its borders: in Hungary, Romania, Poland and the Baltic States, in the North Caucasus and the Caucasus, as well as in the Middle East. Residents ulus powerful commander in the XIII century, began to call themselves «people nogayskogo ulus», and the state – «old yurtom Nogaya». During the war with Hungary in 1385 hordes of soldiers who participated in this march, contemporaries called «nogayskimi Tatars», that is the name Nogaya revived as a self-ethnic population of the new public association headed by Khan Edigeem. Russian sources of the end of the XIV century record the name Nogayskaya Horde, probably from the same time and people ulus (in Russian chronicles – mangyty) Russian became known as Nogai, but this name appears in the sources a little later – only 80-years in the XV.: «And priidosha Nagano, first of rechennye mangity» ( «The history of the kingdom of Kazan»). In the XV – 1 st half. XVII century. ethnonym «hand» apply to all groups Nogai settled on the vast territory of Eastern Europe. In the XVIII century. In connection with a significant reduction of kochevaniya Nogai, their name is true only to a certain group of people tyurkoyazychnoy Predkavkazya and the North Caucasus. In the XIX century. ethnonym leg meant not only the people in the North Caucasus, but also some of Turkic-speaking populations of Central Asia. Uzbeks and Kazakhs nogayami called Volga Tatars. Among the tribal names Nogai highlighted several types. In most cases, this is the name mongoloyazychnyh and Turkic tribes, which came into nogayskogo People (cr. ethnonym turkpen, Kazakh, kumuk related symbols Turkmen, Kazakhs, kumykov; kanly – kangly – ancient Turkic people, akin kypchakami, etc.). There is also the name of territorial groups Nogai (dzhetisan, dzhetishkul), who were ethnic samonazvaniyami. Finally, for a number of local groups Nogai, are the names associated with the names of real historical persons (as well as general ethnonym leg): kasaevtsy (cf. Kasai), kaspulatovtsy (Kaspulat) mansurovtsy (Mansour), novruzovtsy (Novruz) tohtamyshevtsy (Tohtamysh ), ishterekovtsy (Ishterek).

Nogays relate to yuzhnosibirskoy (Turan) transition race. In the anthropological type Nogai have mongoloidnye as well evropeoidnye elements. They say they nogayskom language Qypchaq sub-group of Turkic Altaic family. Nogai language is one of the literary language of Dagestan. It has two dialects: karanogaysky and Kuban, and say – Nogai. Relatives believe the language of their nationality, 90% Nogai. Ethnic nogayskogo the people of ancient Turkic-speaking tribes living on the space Прииртышья, north-west of Mongolia, Central Asia, the North Caucasus. In forming nogayskogo ethnic group took part uysuny, Uighurs, naymany, kereyty, kypchaki, kangly, mangity, Asa, and so on. A particularly important role in the ethnogenesis Nogai played kypchaki being dominant in the process.

2. Resettlement of people in nogayskogo XIV – XIX centuries.

At the end of the XIV century, when Khan Edige, the Ulus distinguished from the Golden Horde with the formation of an independent state Nogai Horde. The original and the mainland was kochevya hordes district district. Yaik.

In nogaysko-Russian relations researchers note 3 stages: the formation and dissolution of Nogai Horde (XV-XVII centuries the first half.), The period of fragmentation (the second half of XVII-XVIII in the first half.) And the last – entry nogayskih hordes of the Russian Empire (the second half of the XVIII century.).

In the XV century. Nogayskaya Horde disintegrated into a major and a small Nogayskuyu Ordu. Most Horde kochevala in the territory bounded on the west by the left bank of the Volga lowlands (This area is called Nogai Nogai party or abroad; right bank of the Volga River Big Nogayskaya Horde held after the final collapse of the Golden Horde) to the north-east of the Irtysh and the tributaries of the upper area (where the border with the Siberian Khanate) to the east over Emby to the Aral Sea and the lower reaches of the Syr Darya.

Low Nogayskaya Horde Kaziem prince was founded during the reign of Prince Nogai Horde Ismail (a contemporary of Ivan the Terrible, died. In 1563) in the North Caucasus. Another horde, led by Prince Shih-Mamaem obosobilas in the east of the Great Nogai Horde, with sons of the ruler was called Alty-uli or Altyulskim ulusom. In the Moscow State, to have diplomatic relations with Nogai horde, Altyulsky and Kaziev ulusy considered separate and independent from Great Nogai Horde associations. Was separated on Embe and Nogai group, called yemboylukovtsy. Severnokavkazskie steppes, according to a Russian source, Nogays started to learn at the end of XV., And from 2 nd half of the XVI century. This area is gradually becoming a major habitat area Nogai. Low Nogayskaya Horde osvaivala eastern part of the North Caucasus, Big Nogayskaya Horde-lower Sulaka and Terek. In the XVI-XVII centuries. Nogays not only kochevali, but settled in the plains of the North Caucasus, in some parts of Azov, the Black Sea, in the mountainous areas of the Kuban, Zelenchuku, Baksanu, Terek. This steady movement Nogai associated not only with their nomadic way of life, but with the foreign policy developments and feudal struggle inside the Nogai Horde.

Not least a factor of migration Nogai hold their relations with neighboring nations. Thus, during the XVII century. has changed the location of the Great Nogai Horde, which at the end of XVI-chief. XVII century. kochevala mainly in the Lower Volga and the river. Yaik. Kalmyks movement in 1630 forced the Nogai – yemboylukovtsev who lived near the river. Emba, to move closer to the Volga River, some of them have gone on Nogai district. Manchester City in the possession of the Crimean khans. Part of the Great Nogai Horde Kalmyks left under pressure from the lower Volga and Don in the Azov to the small foot.

Zakubanskaya group Nogai dwelt on the land stretching from the Sea of Azov to the Cherkessia. In the Caucasian province lived three groups Nogai – kizlyarskie, mozdokskie and beshtavskie, all of whom came from the Kuban Nogai.

Kizlyarskaya group, in turn, included karanogaytsev and edishkultsev. Zakubanskaya group Nogai dwelt on the land stretching from the Sea of Azov to the Cherkessia.

In the XVIII century. Also, a great movement nogayskih tribes in connection with the campaigns and Kalmyk Crimean khans. So, for 1726 include relocation of the Kuban Nogai in Crimea.

In the second half of the XVIII century, being at the crossroads of the political interests of the two powers: Russia and Turkey, Nogays lost its autonomy. As a result of military campaigns Alexander Suvorov Nogai killed tens of thousands and hundreds of thousands of emigrants.

At the end of the XVIII century were formed 4 pristavstva: Kalaus-Sablinskoe, Kalaus-Dzhemboylukovskoe, Achikulak-Dzhemboylukovskoe and Karanogayskoe, which formed part of the Stavropol region.

Resettlement Nogai picture has changed considerably after the liquidation of the Crimean Khanate in 1783 and Russian-Turkish war of 1787-1791 he was ..

The second wave of emigration Nogai as a result of the colonial policy of Russia in the second half of the XIX century. During the 1858-1866 biennium. Turkey moved tens of thousands of people. In this regard, in 1860 Kalaus-Sablinskoe, Beshtau-Kumskoe and Kalaus-Dzhemboylukovskoe pristavstva were abolished.

In the XIX century, there were a few isolated groups Nogai: karanogaytsy lived in Nogayskoy steppe, naselyaya its main part; kumykskie Nogays lived in Tersko-Sulakskogo between, on the West Bank Agrahanskogo Gulf dzhemboylukovy, edisantsy and edishkultsy – in the western part of Nogayskoy steppes in the Stavropol edges; Beshtau-kumskie Nogays – on the territory of modern Mineralovodskogo and Kochubeevskogo areas; Kubanskie Nogays – along river valleys and Kuban Small Zelenchuk, in the modern Adyge-Hablskogo district of Karachayevo-Cherkessia Republic, Crimean Nogays – in three counties Taurichesky province; astrahanskie Nogays (kundrovskie and yurtovskie; also hazlar / sherety) – in the Astrakhan steppes; budzhakskie Nogays – between the Dnieper and the Dniester and the Northern Black Sea; akkermanskie (Belgorod) Nogays – near Ackerman.

Since Nogays kochevali a vast territory in the Lower Volga, in the steppes of Northern Caucasus and Northern Black Sea, the Kuban, on the Caspian Sea coast, near the mouths of the Terek, Kumy and Sulak, they are mixed among themselves, that consensus. XIX century. – Beg. XX century. has been difficult to find large aul, populated by one generic entity. In 1858, due to some political and economic reasons, the mass relocation of Nogai in Turkey. In 1858 – 1860 biennium. from the North Caucasus have left thousands of 30,6 Nogai, mostly Kalaus-sablinskih and Beshtau-kumskih, resulting in the Kuban steppe almost completely deserted; part Nogai (2.5 thousand) returned from Turkey in the 1869 -1866 biennium. and settled in the two remaining nogayskih pristavstvah – Achikulak-Dzhemboylukskom and Karanogayskom (since 1822 severokavkazkie Nogays were combined into four pristavstva: Mengli-Girey, Kalaus-Dzhemboylukskoe, Karanogayskoe and Zakubanskoe), which in 1888 became part of the Terskoy area.

Thus, it can be concluded that the resettlement areas Nogai at various times was part of the Dagestan ASSR, Stavropol Territory and the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, the administrative boundaries of which have changed. On migration Nogai great influence of different factors: internal and external policies of rulers, wars, ethnic conflicts, etc.

3. Features of life Nogai.

Fall of the Great Horde served time gain Nogai Horde. The majority of the population was destroyed by the state became part of the latter. In the north of the border Nogai Horde on the left bank of the Volga River has expanded far to the north, to the river basin Kama and White. In these areas, since the middle of the XIII century Tartar tribes lived origin – mingtsy, kungraty, kipchaki and other Turkish historian Zaki Valili, based on a manuscript of historical essays Utyamysh Hadji (middle of the XVI century.) Reports that in the river basin Demy lived sedentary mangyty. Epitafiynye monuments of the late XVII century from the area of the mouth Demy also reported that Dema – a country mingtsev, ie mangytov.

In Nogai Horde has its own state system. At the head of the Horde stood Biy. A second person, after Biya was nuradin. Position nuradina meant uluses protect against possible attacks from the right Volga. A third person in the Horde was kekovat, who was responsible for the security of the eastern borders.

Biya called murzami sons. After the death of Biya took his eldest son.

All Horde divided into ulusy, led by Mirza stood. Places kochevok uluses determined biem. Ulus led by mirz year-round lead a nomadic life. Biy mostly lived in Saraychike only in the summer and went on nomadic. In Nogai kochevya has become all the left bank of the Kama. Some Mirza (for example, the son of Yusuf, Yunus Mirza) even claimed the mountain side on Arskie land and land on the river. Vyatka Kazan Khanate, justifying their claim that they are allied to them tribes. There is also a post taybugi, the occurrence of which appears to be associated with shaybanidami. However, the content of the post in historical science is not disclosed.

During the war in Nogai Horde put forward as leaders of groups batyrs post. Batyrami were people in the community for bravery as a skillful and courageous leaders. This tradition continues in the Ural as during anti statements against the oppressors and occupiers in the XVII – XVIII centuries. A similar phenomenon we have seen in the history of Kazakh people.

In Bié Nogai Horde existed in the post of Karachi, a kind of ministers responsible for certain areas of the state machinery. When necessary, they perform ambassadorial duties, could be military leaders, etc.

Authority’s ongoing management of public affairs at Bié was karaduvan. Led karaduvan officer, bearing the title of Kara-Duvana. One of the officials of Kara-duvana called Tok-Duvanom. He dealt with a wide range of farm Biya, collecting fees, etc. Talk Duvan not always give an account biyu and was quite independent.

In the Nogai Horde in the state prevailed against Islam. The rituals of Islam served seity, abyzy, shaehy, sufii, served as the official language of Tatar literary language, which was less than zasoren Arab-Persian borrowing. The Office of Biya and correspondence was used Arab schedule.

Custodians of the literary tradition is usually performed so-called «Zhirau», who are known to have come from towns Saraychika, Astrakhan, Azaka, etc. The most famous Zhirau were Asan Kaygy Sabit ugyly (XV century.) Shalkiyaz Zhirau (1465 – 1560), Dosmambet Zhirau (1493 -1523). Nogayskimi Zhirau folded excellent dastany «Idegey», «Koblandy», «Er Targyn», «Alpamysh», «Chura batyr», «Kyrk Kyz», etc.

The population of Nogai Horde slow to develop its economy: it is known of the existence of the Tatars in a small amount of farming, there was little fishing, a leading industry was ranching. The Tatars were breeding horses, sheep. They have the largest share of export of goods for export. Economy Nogai Horde and the first third of the XVI century. focused on Central Asia. Furcation economy happened under the rule-Mirza Yusuf and Ismagil-Mirza. The eastern part of the Horde, led by Yusuf continued to keep the business focus on Central Asia and the western part – at the Moscow principality.

Numerous Nogai rodo-tribal unification at the end of the XVII century. have already had clearly limited nomadic and in all areas of the North Caucasus, with the exception of Kuban, continued on a large scale deal with nomadic pastoralists. They razvodili horses, camels, cattle, sheep and goats, as well as poultry (chicken, geese, ducks). Birds during perekochevok carried in large baskets, covered with mesh.

Along with the nomadic pastoralists Nogays in the North Caucasus were involved in farming in some of the same magnitude as in the Volga region. According to Ferrand, suitable for planting the land «partially processed Nogays zasevayutsya and millet. Nogays not live long in one place. Several longer they remain only where zaseyali field, but at the end of the harvest is always perekochevyvayut elsewhere »[7, p. 25]. The cultivation of cereal crops were only lower orders, who were obliged to pay to submit to harvest their owners. For nogayskih murz «cultivate the land … considered a shame, is the property of their slaves, and herds cattle and horses », – wrote Cherenkov [9, p. 81]. The same author notes that «Nogays almost never treat two years on the same land». For plowing the land Nogays used sohu with an iron lemehom [9, p. 84].

Horse was the old assumption Nogai. This is evidenced derived their breed horses, later received the name «Nogai». She took part in the formation of Kabardian horses. Nogayskaya horse evolved in the context of the nomadic economy, only to grass, as sparse vegetation in areas Nogai did not allow them to contain the cattle concentrated in one place. The horse has worked increasingly under saddle and in harness, a pack less. Already in the Middle Ages Nogai horseman North Caucasus brought several breeds of horses, named later on rodo-tribal units Nogai. The physical quality of Nogai horses valued specialists and konezavodchikami.

At the end of XIX – beginning of XX century. Nogays wealthy have begun to pay great attention to the development of konevodcheskogo economy. This was primarily due to market demand, rising prices for stroevyh army horses. However, despite the large konnozavodchikami improvements Nogai breed horses, horse continued to be extensive. Horses continued zhali contain tabunnym way, and regardless of the time of year they are under the open sky. Lack of housing content, winterized facilities, shortage of fodder in winter, frequent epizootics led to a sharp reduction in livestock horses in all areas of the North Caucasus with nogayskim population. This decline started at the beginning of the XIX century. and lasted until the establishment of Soviet power.

Along with the horse Nogays devote considerable attention and camel. In the North Caucasus, camels divorce mainly Nogays, as well as Turkmens and Kalmyks. Nogays kept so-called astrahanskih two-humped camels, have great strength and endurance. Like other nomadic peoples, the Nogai is considered the most valuable animals camel. The wealth of the family measured in camels in the total mass of all livestock nomadic pastoralists.

In subsistence farming nomad camel herders used the milk, wool, meat and skin.

The leading position of herders Nogai occupied little sheep. Engage them to rich and poor because of netrebovatelnosti sheep special care. Sheep provide wool, hides and milk. In zhaluy, at home Nogai there was not one of the household and national food, which was not present to sheepman-products company. «Sheep – wrote Smirnov – it was their main advantages and substantial activity. Hence, they extracted all the tools for living, and food and clothing and even housing, as well as their kibitki were made of leather or of sotkannyh from the same sheep’s wool »[3, p. 152].

In some areas of the North Caucasus sheep has long been the primary unit of exchange and a kind of equivalent in trade. Thus, in the steppe regions of the Stavropol region, eight sheep equated with one unit of cattle, 12 sheep – one dvugorbomu camel, etc.

In the Northern Caucasus Nogays razvodili primarily grubosherst-governmental kurdyuchnyh sheep meat breeds.

A significant role in the economy nogayskogo society played funds received from the sale of surplus raw materials and products on the external and internal market it. Traded Nogays products from sheepskin, leather and wool property-tion of production, less than the metal objects of domestic manufacture of. The results in the literature suggests a list of goods interactions movygodnyh trade relations between the peoples of the North Caucasus, and with a population of adjacent areas. Trading was equally pastoral and agriculturalists products. But the more income people-ing and they received from the sale of livestock products.

With the gradual breaking hordes, then uluses to refer to villages Nogays began to apply the terms «aul» and «kup». In the middle of the XVIII century. M. Peysonel, describing the Black Sea, but gaytsev, noted that «each horde is divided into several tribes, and tribes in auly» [1, p. 153]. Al-hivnye documents indicate the emergence of the term «aul» in prikas-piyskih Nogai in 1762

The term «aul» indicate the winter (kyslav) osedluyu or summer (yaylak), a nomadic group of 10 to 200 families. «Collection of several kibitok like a small village called aulom. Auly are – the largest of the 30 or 40 kibitok, with the average number of 8 or 40 », – wrote I.H Kalmykov [6, p. 57]. Aul tied krovnorodstvennye and economic relations of heads of families. There were nomadic auly, which consisted of family relatives and cousins, sometimes widowed sisters. Several auls belonging to a certain age, usually located near. This placement was called «kup». «This kibitochnoe nogayskoe village called kup. Kup is made up of several groups kibitok located from one another at a distance of up to two versts. In each group, there are 40 to 60 kibitok »[12, p. 64].

Based on the data, we can say that in the XIX century. basic term, determining the settlement becomes «aul». Settlements type «aul», you need to believe, first emerged as a settlement krovnorodstvennoy groups, and then, in connection with subsidence Nogai in favorable locations ukrupni themselves, and their ranks have met people from different genera. The term «aul» used in Nogai and currently, indicating the rural settlements, which sometimes lives up to 6 people. This term has been replicated in Nogai and some neighboring nations, such as Circassians and abazinami.

Nogays lived mostly in yurts. Moreover, there were different types of yurts. Yurtam type terme was razbornoy, a type of fog-nerazbornoy. Unlike Kalmyk tapered part Nogai yurta more sloping.

Terme had its foundation on folding wooden cages approved by the strap hinges on both sides. It is made of wool felt (kiyiz), grids of different types of wood, planks and ropes. For terme «had walnut wood canes three and a half sazhennyh – 300 at the door karagachevyh bars – 4, odnosazhennyh thickness and width of five vershkov, two boards sazhen in length, a width of six vershkov, the thickness of one vershok» [14 , p. 72]. In the manufacture of specialized gers in Nogays living on the river. Buffalo in the Stavropol region.

Felt yurta made for certain forms, sizes and distributed flowers. Felt bottom of the yurt (tuurlak) the size of turluka. For the roof of the yurt was made two trapezoidal felt (yabuv).

Yurtu usually planted by women. First, they fixed address specific skeleton yurts. The number of grids depends on the size of the yurt. Two-nadtsatireshetochnaya yurta met «people very rich». Poor ahead of the five-vosmireshetochnoy yurtoy. Outside frame yurta obtyagivalsya felt. Rich closed yurtuv_neskolko layers belym_voylokom, the poor – a gray felt.

Inside the walls of the yurt obtyagivali kamyshovymi matted (shypta), a rich and carpets. In the center of the yurt was a focus (tandyr) for heating in cold weather and cooking.

The second type of dwelling nomadic Nogai was yurt-fog. Unlike terme it was nerazbornaya yurta diameter of 6 – 7 arshin, height 4 yardstick.

Your yurt-fog in detail the device resembled a yurt-terme. The same name and details were yurta.

Yurt planted in rows. Each row formed yurta come from one big family. Thus was created a quarter of a related settlement. At the heart of it stood kibitka senior family members, the heads of all the quarter.

Distribution of seats in the yurt was a positive age. On the north side of the honorary head of the family sat. Men entering the house, can not hang your quiver at the women’s side. «The hostess or eldest wife always sits in kibitke on the right side of it (ie the left of her husband), where the boilers, foodstuffs and all the good and the other wives mostly to serve» [6, p. 98].

A place of honor the head of the family called «tor» (ter). At this place, no one had the right to sit down even in the absence of the head of the family. On the right side (on kolda) rassazhivali guests on seniority, then the male half of the family. If among the guests was an old man over the head of the family, that he was honored instead. On the left side of the place of honor sat on his wife’s oldest, closest to the door – daughter. Between Sadi and sister-wives were daughters of the head of the family. If separately. First, the highest ranking men ate, then – his wife and daughter, and as a last resort – daughter. Some wealthy families were selected yurta – fog for a meal. Each family has tried whenever possible to remove the elegant yurtu. Especially decorated yurtu-fog.

Go to the residence led to the construction of permanent houses (uy). The first information about settled homes reported in the middle of the XVI century. M. Bronevsky. He wrote that the home of the Black Sea Nogai «made of thin wood and coated tinoy, dirt or manure and covered with Kama-shom» [6, p. 104]. However Nogays, settled in the new place quickly learn the construction of the local population, and built houses of the same material that has used the indigenous population.

Of particular interest is the history Nogai clothing, as well as for the time elapsed since the inception of the Nogai Horde, it has undergone great changes.

Clothing made with their own hands by women. On the manufacturing of clothing were different tissues derived from the exchange of trade. Clothing rich people was significantly different from the clothes of poor quality fabric, thread, and various decorations. Imported goods were available only to the rich and the ills of items treated tissues of domestic production. For outerwear use different types of felt.

In the XIX century. to Nogays increasingly begun to penetrate the fabric factory, clothing, footwear from Russia. That is the title and many fabrics: lawn – «batis», diagonal – «dygnal» etc.

The names of many tissues indicate a wide range of life among the peoples of the North Caucasus. For example, the Nogai «shilleyavlyk», in Kara-chaevtsev «chille», a kabardintsev «schylle» – a silk scarf, a Nogai «katebi», a Circassian «katabi», a Ossetins «hasdabae» – velvet. Many of the names of tissue types common to many Turkic peoples, some proper-Nogai. In general, the names of some tissues indicate Nogai longstanding trade ties with neighboring nations, others – that they are issuing, and appeared to have bytovali Nogai.

Class person could know what he was wearing. Menswear has been adapted to the nomadic lifestyles, was comfortable and very practical.

The growth of the welfare of the population in the years of Soviet power has contributed to the wide penetration of life Nogai factory fabrics and finished odezh-tion. Menswear Nogai undergone considerable changes in the new trans-years of Soviet power. Factory boots, shoes, rubber shoes were replaced by self. At the same time, widespread wear military cut: riding-breeches, shirt standing collar and overhead picture manami on his chest. Shirt worn navypusk and podpoyasyvali narrow belt.

Currently Nogays wearing hats, caps, caps. Deerstalker and hood are the elderly and people working in the fields. Generally, the elements of national dress more persons are found in the older generation. Old people are the traditional cut trousers, beshmet, podpoyasyvaya his narrow strap, leather stockings with a shoe. Young people prefer to do odezh urban cut.

Significant changes have taken place in the women’s clothing. Traditional features are stored in the clothing of older women, who usually wear long dresses, warm shawls, long scarves. Among them are known masteritsy, shyuschie traditional clothes. They meet not only old men and old, but participants in amateur performances. Young women and girls dress up in the city, although some are sure to kosynki or scarves. The custom of binding women bear – headgear is gradually disappearing.

In general, the changes in Nogai clothes influenced by many factors: a shift from a nomadic life to a settled, the infiltration of aul capital talisticheskih relations, the influence of neighboring peoples, and especially sotsialisti-tion rebuilding a life in which the traditional costume Nogai almost completely close to the city.

The national food Nogai we find the analogy with food peoples of Central Asia, the Volga and the North Caucasus.

Interesting facts about food Nogai said Matvei Mehovsky. At the very beginning of the XVI century. He wrote that the top of the food Nogai took items milk products, including kumys. In the XVI – the beginning of the XVII century. A. Dzhenkinson, D’Askoli, J. De Lucca and others described certain kinds of different food groups Nogai, stressing that the primary role in the diet represent the people of dishes of meat and milk and cereal part. And at the beginning of the XVII century. Oleary noted that «food now Tatars is all that they have animal husbandry, fisheries and poultry farming, sun-dried fish, rice and millet powder, flour from which they make cakes race».

By the XVIII century. (made detailed descriptions of food Nogai in various parts of their habitat. Characterizing food Volga Nogai, S. S. Hajiyev wrote: «bake bread and prepare food muchnoe as boiled or heat-ing horse, Baranja and beef meat, Asian porridge, pilaf called Jelly, flour noodles dish is simply called, thin wheat bread, churek called, and especially fond of tea »[5, p. 214].

Guests are always prepared fresh tea. Tea drinking in the morning and lunch, usually with Lokum. According to the old, prepared the seven varieties of tea. We recorded five: «bortenke», «Shama Shay», «zynkyytpa Shay», «kara Shay», «yolga barsyn Shay». The best considered bortenke Shay boiled out of brick-tea (Shabarov Shai) with the addition of cream and butter. Shama Shai – tea is the poor that has boiled out of broken tea. Kara Shay – that black tea, tea without milk. Poor and zavarivala tea leaves plants «kuvray», pears (kertpe) roasted barley.

Purchase products in the diet of almost non-existent. Sometimes acquired tackle sugar, crackers, barankas, candy. Rich ate three times a day, the majority of poor people ate hot food only during morning and evening.

Many observers have noted that Nogays any moderation in food. A. Pavlov wrote that during lunch, they … slow food, moderation in upotreb-ing food chistoplotny. «Nogaets may be one or even several days of very seasoned food», – noticed NF Dubrovin.

The food is usually cooked in the pot (kazan). Utensils mainly wooden, some things made of reeds. Some dairy products are eaten from a cup «kabak-ayak», made from dried gourds. Rich people bought Ceramic and porcelain cups, plates. To lift water from the well served leather bucket (kavga, shelek), for washing masterili de revyannoe trough (tekene). Those produced items, called «agash mouth».

Such national dish Nogai as beshbarmak shashlik, kumys, yourt, ayran met, and there are many people of Northern Kaw-Casa, and several dishes of neighboring nations, for example, the Karachai, kumykov, Circassians, entered the life Nogai. Thus, the babayurtovskih and kostekovskih but-gaytsev popular dishes have become «dolma» and «kyurze», derived from ku-mykov, and the Kuban Nogai – Circassian «libzhe» and Karachaevskij «ky-shyn». Widespread Russian and Ukrainian dishes like borshch, chops, tefteli, cabbage, etc. As in other areas of culture, nutrition happened and is happening interaction.

During the years of Soviet power Nogai food has become much more diverse. Have become widely used purchase products, particularly sugar, bakaleynye and confectionery. The bulk of the population also buys bread bakeries-products.

In winter, food is dominated by meat and flour, and in summer – dairy foods, vegetables, fruit. Hot meals are three times a day.

Changed, and utensils. A very rare wood and pottery, bronze cauldrons, pots and kumgany, mainly from some hundred-rozhilov. Modern utensils provided with aluminum, enamel, glass and faience tableware factory production. Frequently parade items sets of expensive china and earthenware.

In the XVIII – XIX centuries in the social order dominated by feudal lords Nogai-relations with the persistence of patriarchal-tribal life. In the second half of the XIX century. in their social system has undergone considerable change.

Documents at the beginning of the XIX. show that all units tions Nogai there are two classes – and exploiting the exploiters-by. The first class belonged Murza, sultans, princes, priests, uzdeney, biev, Baev, and in an earlier era – also Khan, the second – «dzhollykkulov», «dzholsyzkulov», «azatov», «baygushey», «kedeev »,« tarha-new »,« chagarov »,« yasyrey »,« yalshey ». Top class called «white bone» (ak suek), lower – «black bone» (kara suek).

At the highest level class ladder stood Murza, sultans, princes. They possessed great wealth, led auls and solve all the political and economic issues. They protect the interests of the royal government in 1822 by the decree of Emperor Alexander I nogayskomu at-puts, the owner of vast wealth, Major General Sultan Mengli-Gireyu for leaving his resignation has been designated «beyond receive them now pensiona of 4800 rubles each year to give in hereditary and eternal possession of 5 thousand dessiatinas ground »[12, p. 351].

Since the middle of the XIX century. development of commodity-money relations has been established for centuries to destroy the natural character and patriarchal closure Nogayskogo management, deepen the property bundle. Especially, it intensified after the abolition of serfdom, when the princes, мурзам, Sultanov did not always possible pereustroit its economy in the capitalist way. Many of them sell or lease their land and eventually razoryalis. Tenants and buyers, we often land fists, bogatevshie as a result of the exploitation of the poor, trade, land speculation. These were, for example, Ibra-GMM Karasov and Ibrahim Naymanov of aul Lower Mansurovskogo who seized thousands of cattle, kept mailing razezdy. Similar to property and social changes took place in Nogai Steppes. More than one tenth of the population nogayskogo vlachilo miserable life, about one tenth of the general had no assets.

For internal management aulom or kochevem year elected head, two officers and treasurer, and in every village, comprised of at least as of ten kibitok chosen, moreover, the head and deputy. Typically, these individuals were of the same princes and Murza, who dealt with all in favor of knowledge-ty. Likewise, it was the situation and in addressing other issues that deal with Sharia clergy, and the Council of Elders – to adatu. «Affairs between them understand … arbitrary princes, who, taking advantage of his power, appointed to the proceedings … afendiev performing desire princes. Cases handled by adatu also wrong because the people selected for this is almost strictly agree in advance with the desire of the princes. Fines collected from people in favor of the princes of cattle or money, no matter what the state », – reported in 1852 [12, p. 146]. With power, princes, sultans and murzy to determine the borders of pastures.

Below princes and sultans murz on the class ladder stood clergy. By 1834, on the left bank of the Kuban nine aulah totaled 34 mullahs and Efendi. The functions of the clergy were in the administration musul-manskih ceremonies; income clergy consisted of «zekata» (fortieth share of income), «sur» (tenth share of family income), charges for involvement in the judicial proceedings, weddings and funerals.

Of particular stage class ladder uzdeni were, in fact, according mye of princes and sultans murz. Uzdeni were under Murza, have a voice in public affairs.

In the XIX century. nomadic Nogai were elders (aksakaly). They are led by small tribal units.

After the reform of feudal forms of exploitation were to depart on the back, compared with kabalnymi (for example, help-talaka) and the new capitalist. Therefore class struggle in which there is theft of livestock, the burning of hay rich, etc., did not stop until the Great October Socialist Revolution.

Aulom managed foreman, elected obschinnikami. There was still residual Travelers democracy. Obschinniki to reelect their elders. In one of the reports edisantsev arms and dzhemboylukovtsev wrote: «They are not letting me know by themselves variables elders» [9, p. 91], it is reported «kukubeevom village» edishkultsev. But gradually, these democratic traditions marginalized.

Usually nomadic Nogai aul consisted of a large family or several families belonging to a certain age, or, more precisely, to familno-jujube-ronimicheskoy group, for example, naymanam. Generic unit called aksakalstvom. Sometimes one aksakalstvo combine several auls. «But this is not an administrative division, and the descent», – wrote historian FI Kapelgorodsky. In a village community members were connected to a circular-hand. To address all the important issues were Go. They participated whether, as a rule, men. Sometimes, in an exceptional community meetings to visit an old age a few women, known in the district’s own mind.

For nomadic Nogai were characterized by social associations, had some signs of territorial and economic unity, ie, nomadic (aul) communities. Each of them konsolidirovalos filiation. Such association, in most cases were a family and kinship groups, ie groups of families who were in the relationship and the origin of consciousness from one ancestor memorial. The United volume called «Bir atadyn adults chldrn» – the children of one father. The analogies are many other nations. In this regard, very close to the foot-tsam Turkic peoples of Central Asia.

In the XIX – early XX centuries. Nogai existed in two forms of the family: bolshaya patriarchal and small.

The head of a large family is usually the father ilided, but in their absence – an uncle or older brother. The head of the family was representative of the family and was responsible for the timely payment of fees, the implementation of obligations, etc. Family community could include the family of deceased brothers and sisters of the SAR of new and patriarchal slaves.

Large families have more rich people had a lot of cattle and, sometimes, patriarchal slaves. Big can also be a family of prosperous peasants seeking to organize as a labor of their family relatives.

Polygamy existed boosted the number of family and keeping bolshesemeynyh fabric. F. Kapelgorodsky wrote that the wives of rich men Nogai had two and sometimes three, and most of the poor remained very nezhenatymi.

Life extended family was under strict regulation. All household duties are strictly divided between family members. Caring for the cattle, the main agricultural work was a matter of male half of the family, Dr.-bot in the home – women. According to domestic regulations set by the head of the family, he distributed all the household work, and for women’s work with his or her sister. Men pahali land sown, cleaned, пасли co-factors, strigli sheep, harvested hay. Women doili cows, cooking, made of wool products, etc.

After the death of the head of the family of his duties normally go to the eldest son. If he had any physical or mental disabilities, in particular, suffered from dementia or have a bad reputation, the head of the family could be and younger brother. When isolated from a large family of any of syno-Wei, he gave a portion of the property «enshi»: cattle, yurtu, household utensils.

By the end of the XIX century. bolshesemeynyh accelerated the disintegration of communities. Already in the 1860’s of the increase in smaller families by the collapse of the large. This was due to the growth of commodity-money relations and the intrusion into the Nogai auly of capitalism, resulting in private ownership finally prevail over obschesemeynoy. Within the extended family, in the minds of their members have increased chastnosobstvennicheskie trend. The sons and other family members were unhappy with the concentration of income in the same hands. Everyone wanted to live separately and independently to use their own incomes. Family community had to subdue by the general laws of economic development. The marriage age for men was dependent on the availability of funds to pay kalyma (ka-lyn). In wealthy families are cases of marriage yuno-necks in 16 years.

Marriage in Nogai was exogamous. Exogamy included the entire family name to the sixth generation. A Prairie Nogai names in the modern sense until the first decade of Soviet power, formed from the names of the ATC-and exogamy they were less certain – at all related. But there are family units with different tamgas, who took each other brides. For example, a young man from a sort of moynapa-Naiman could marry girls-ment of the kind of tank Naiman. Marriages were Class. In the upper-class, they serve to strengthen the dynastic ties. VM Zhirmunsky wrote that «family and diplomatic ties Nogai rulers tried to establish with other Muslim dynasties, especially the Crimean khans, often also with the rulers of Bukhara and Urgench» [11, P.73]. During the period of strengthening Nogai Horde, many governments, representatives of neighboring states through marriage, tried to establish close relations with nogayskimi khans.

Ivan the Terrible, married in 1561 to the daughter of the Kabar-dinskogo Prince Temryuk became svoyakom nogayskogo murzy Tinahmeta, wife of the daughters on the other Temryuk.

Class marriages remained until the XX century. Prohibited marriage between a brother and sister named (Kardash okyngan, karyndas okyngan). Marriage is the same brother full sisters allowed.

Akin marked another, however, rarely praktikovavshayasya form of marriage-klyucheniya – «belkuda» (literally: «belt Svatý»). Two friends in a sign of respect for each other already before the birth of their children sgovarivalis obruchenii if they prove to be a boy and a girl. In this case, the birth of two boys, they were considered to be called brothers. This form of marriage is rarely involve the payment of kalyma.

There were exchange marriages (oteles). The groom, in the absence of funds for kalym, exchanged sisters. Bytovali also levirate and sororate.

Most Nogai profess Islam. Islam spread among the Nogai in the time of the Golden Horde, when Muslim clerics opened a wide field for missionary-American activities. Nogays Sunni Islam took wing. Chief Mufti was considered a spiritual person, and then went assistant mufti, Effendi, Mullah, Akhunov, kadi (religious judge). Service were sent to the mosques. Spiritual shall play a major role in the life of the people. It has actively assisted the operation toram itself operated people. Nogays poignantly ridiculed serve-lei worship in songs and sayings, for example, «Mollaga konysy bolsan, yalgyz koyyndy soyarsyn» ( «If you neighbor mullahs, the last sheep zarezhesh»).

But, as noted by F. Engels, «… Religion has always retained a well-known stock perceptions inherited from the past … »168. Nogays by adopting Islam, preserved the animist and totemisticheskie presentation and the cult of ancestors.

? Chapter II. The current situation Nogai.

1. The area of resettlement, and provision Nogai Diaspora

in the XX century.

Currently Nogays (nogay) – one of the Turkic-speaking peoples of the North Caucasus. The total number in Russia and CIS countries is about 90 thousand people. The main area of settlement Nogai – territory Nogayskoy steppe; now it raschlenena administrative boundaries between Dagestan, Chechnya and Stavropol. In the Republic of Dagestan lived 34,4 thousand people., Or 37% of all Nogai. Rural Nogai – about 87% of all Nogai – settled in four areas: Nogayskom (82% of the population of the area), Babayurtovskom (16%), Tarumovskom (8%) and Kizlyarskom (7.8%). In the village of Sulak, they represent more than half of the residents. Few Nogai lives in Makhachkala, Kizlyare and Khasavyurt. In Stavropol their number has 18,5 thousand, Chechnya – about 10 thousand, Karachayevo-Cherkessia, 13.5 thousand and the Astrakhan region – about 10 thousand out of the country they live in Turkey, Romania and other countries [1, p. 9].

In 1888 Karanogayskoe pristavstvo together with Kizlyarskim county have been transferred Terskoy area. From that time until 1920, Nogayskaya prairie was part of Terskoy area. In the 1922-1924 biennium. Nogayskaya steppe became part of Dagestan.

In 1938, the areas along with the Nogai Kizlyarskoy zone have been transferred to the edge of Ordzhonikidze (so called at the time Stavropol Territory).

In 1944, after the abolition of the Chechen-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was formed Groznenskaya region, which were transferred to areas Nogayskoy steppe. Last administrative-territorial reorganization of Nogai occurred in connection with the rehabilitation of the Chechens and the Ingush and the restoration of the republic. WSP RSFSR Decree number 721 / 4 of 9 Jan., 1957 Nogai, Kizlyarsky and Tarumovsky areas were part of Dagestan, Shelkovskoy district – to the restored Checheno-Ingushetia, a region Neftekumsky was in the Stavropol Territory. So Nogai ethnic territory was divided according to different regional and became controversial socio-political situation in the region Nogai.

Etnodemograficheskaya situation in areas inhabited by Nogai quite a mottled, and in all areas, except Nogayskogo, Nogays are a minority. Only in Dagestan have Nogays Administrative Region with its national staff, administration, an established system of education and cultural security – it Nogai district. Nogai aspirations of other regions to create a national regions have not yet yielded any results.

During the Soviet period, small-scale, mostly cattle, farm Nogayskoy steppes gradually replaced by large multisector farms equipped with modern technology. It was put to a scientific basis for improving the productivity of livestock. In gosplemzavode «Chervlennaya surf» were withdrawn local fine breed of sheep.

In the same period in culture Nogai, there have been significant changes. There nogayskaya intellectuals, develops nogayskaya literature. Dagestantsam well-known representatives of the intelligentsia Nogai: AH Janibekov, F. Abdulzhalilov, B. Kulunchakova, E. Adzhigeldiev, K. Temirbulatova and others open a school and teach their native language.

In Nogayskom, Kayasulinskom, Achikulakskom areas in the Karachayevo-Cherkessia to publish newspapers on nogayskom language (currently only in Nogayskom region and Karachay-Cherkessia). In the city of Kizlyare operated school teacher preparing teachers of native language, but it was closed after 1957.

In the late 50’s leadership of Stavropol region and the Chechen-Ingush Nogai closed schools ceased to publish newspapers on nogayskom language.

2. Current issues and solutions.

The lack of national and territorial integrity of a negative impact on the well-being of the ethnic people, including the state of the economy. And why do not accidentally end of 1980 – the beginning of 1990 marked an upsurge in national consciousness. The establishment of inter-regional socio-political organization «Birlik» ( «unity») was the fact of registration of political aspirations Nogai. (The origins of this movement relate to 1957). One of the organizers and leaders of the movement – the scientist-historian BA Keldasov.

Since 1989, the movement «Birlik» conducted exit 4. Of these, one in conjunction with the Cossacks Kizlyarskogo, Tarumovskogo and Shelkovskogo areas on the split of the territory and self-determination. At the last congress, it was decided to appeal to the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation on the legality of the Ordinance of 1957 in relation to Nogai.

The economic crisis of transition in Russia badly affected regions of residence Nogai. Almost everywhere, agricultural production fell. In Nogayskom area was a strong reduction in livestock, the only source of livelihood Nogai. In 1996, the Government allocated to commercial loan 2.8 billion to field work, and in 1997 only 80 million rubles. Debts Nogayskogo collective farms and state farms area at 8 billion 400 million rubles.

The decline in production in Nogayskom area in recent years in agricultural production and low prices for agricultural products, rising unemployment, the geographical remoteness of the area from industrial centers, lack of infrastructure – roads and railways exacerbated an already weak financial condition of the residents. If today Dagestan is the last place in the Russian Federation by the level of the average monthly salary in Nogayskom area range from srednedagestanskoy – 79,4%. Recently, in connection with the general difficulties in the agricultural sector continues to fall in the profitability of livestock – the main sectors of the economy nogayskogo people.

The Government of the Republic of Dagestan in 1993, it was a special Decree № 184 «On the socio-economic development Nogayskogo area», but it almost is not met. If you do not believe that over the past five years (1992 – 1997 biennium.) At the area earmarked for the gasification of 1,9 billion rubles. While on the Stavropol regional program «East» allocated funds to implement activities for the development of human settlements, where Nogays for 1996 – 1997 biennium. 8 billion 133 million rubles. If there is natural gas (gas in the area Nogayskom) the extent of natural gas is only 15% because of the poor, while in neighboring Tarumovskom area – 73%. Experts estimate that at this rate Nogai district gas supply will be only 50 years. Not addressed in the communication in the district (the district center has no permanent connection with the settlements, the construction of telephone exchanges suspended), education, culture, health, utilities, housing and commissioning of the irrigated land as scheduled at the above-mentioned Decision.

Administration Nogayskogo district and the national movement in favor of the transfer otgonnyh pastures under the jurisdiction of the district administration. Nogai discontent caused mainly by the fact that a lot of land in neighborhoods that people are in the business use of the other republics and regions. Thus, almost 60% of the land Nogayskogo area are available to other parts of the republic as a land otgonnogo livestock. However Nogays most of them opposed to private ownership of land because of fear of losing their land.

Acute ecological condition Nogai steppe. As a result nenormirovannogo grazing for several decades now there was soil erosion. There are dozens of new sources of shifting sands. Sand storms are becoming a permanent feature of the climate.

However Nogai district is a region, quite a rich communications with federal status – gas, oil, high-voltage power lines. Certainly, the presence of these lines may contribute to a certain recovery of the economy. The main area is the land of riches, but the specific pasture to be used in the right direction. Continuing desertification of pasture. Among the requirements of the national congress and the need for environmental impact assessment Nogai steppe. The administration raised the question of the establishment of a state nature reserve in the region, seeing in this unique opportunity to save and preserve the Nogai steppe.

For several years Nogays village. Sulak composed of Makhachkala worry over his position in connection with raising sea levels. Basically, they want to move close to the place inaccessible to the sea.

Problems babayurtovskih and sulakskih Nogai add one – this is landlessness. Around the village there is no territory to domostroitelstva and private livestock grazing. A land that belonged to the village Sulak, generally have been under water. III Congress of People’s Deputies in 1991, decided to expand priselskih sites in lowland areas, including in Babayurtovskom. But the ruling does not fully implemented.

National well-being of the Nogai in Dagestan, the most satisfactory. In the Republic of Dagestan, two nogayskih electoral district in which the elected deputies to the People’s Assembly, a member of the State Council, heads of administrations Nogayskogo and Babayurtovskogo areas are Nogai. However, the Conference of the «Birlik» in Kizlyarskom, Tarumovskom Babayurtovskom areas and noted that the proportion of nogayskih personnel in the management of these areas is very low. In the republic «Nogays» represent 1.6% of the total population, represented in the leadership capacity of 0.4%.

In the field of culture 1994-1995, marked by the fact that a Nogai state orchestra of folk instruments. He has already held a tour of areas inhabited by Nogai. Gaining credibility Hasavyurtovskogo branch teacher training college in the village. Terekli-Mekteb. They enrolled about 120 students – future teachers nogayskogo language in primary school. It should be noted that the need for this branch has already been confirmed, a number of experts the first issue began to work in various areas of residence Nogai. However, the lack of teachers and insufficient teaching materials are not allowed to enter the teaching nogayskogo language in Babayurtovskom District of Dagestan. Today, the administration Nogayskogo area raises the question of the allocation branch of institutional autonomy, which required a substantial resource base.

In 2001, the decision of the Government of the Republic of Dagestan in Terekli-Mektebe a Nogai State Drama Theater.

21 July 1997, the Chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Dagestan nogayskih met with a group of public and political figures. The meeting dealt with issues and protect the legitimate rights of nogayskogo people living outside of Dagestan. The meeting mandated representatives nogayskogo the people in power to explore the Republic of socio-economic situation in Nogayskom area and present concrete proposals for its improvement. A detailed explanation of the note issues Nogayskogo area because the area is the center of all Nogai Russia, a center of cultural, methodological, educational for other regions, where live Nogays.

In the Stavropol region dissatisfaction Nogai and their claim to the leadership of Neftekumskogo region and edges due to the fact that Nogays little or almost not represented in the provincial leadership as well as at the district level. There is little done for the revival of national culture. The teaching of the language but have established, but still very weak, training facilities, lack of textbooks. No regional newspaper nogayskom for language, etc. In Neftekumsk area there is no Nogays in the leadership of the district administration, no Nogai – leaders in law enforcement. In the Regional Duma deputies not Nogai.

At the meeting of Regional Duma Jun 17, 1997 addressed the issue of socio-economic situation Nogai. Under the Law «On national-cultural autonomy» boundary Government was asked to carry out a program of national development and inter-ethnic cooperation in accordance with the concept of a national public policy of the Russian Federation. Nogays appealed to the Duma with a proposal to restore the Kayasulinskogo area existed before 1944, and the establishment of a nogayskogo constituency for the election of the boundary Duma, referring to a similar in the republic of Dagestan.

Ethnopolitical processes in the North Caucasus, of course, affected all people, but they are particularly affected the Nogai, living in the Chechen Republic. Nogays worried for the future in case of Chechnya from Russia. As a result of a complete collapse of the farms and in relation to the prevailing situation Nogays Shelkovskogo area migrated to other parts of Russia. Much of their share settled in the Republic of Dagestan, and lay down additional burden on the social and the already weak infrastructure nogayskih villages. The exact number Nogai have left Chechnya, the unknown, we know only that as of January 1, 1998, CRI was Nogai 6200. Many self-dealing othodnichestvom. Heads of governments nogayskih villages appointed all local Nogays. Created Nogai constituency from which the Parliament of Chechen Republic is elected MP nogaets. In the governing bodies Shelkovskogo District also appointed Nogays, including deputy. head of administration. Nogayskim villages returned ancestral name, opened the national schools. Nogai allocated 60 seats earmarked for admission to universities Czech Republic and Russia.

However, not all Nogays, especially in Dagestan and Stavropol, seeking to come closer to the Chechen Republic. Today, the 55 th km main road Terekli – Kizlyar, which carried out all the links Nogayskogo area inside the republic and beyond its limits, for seven kilometers vklinivaetsya the administrative border of the Republic of Chechnya, a block-post in such a way, travel within the region accounted Nogayskogo done through a block-post of the Chechen republic with its consequences.

A great role and influence on the political consciousness of the people Nogai steppe has something that they are in the information and communications vacuum. Nogays living in the Republic of Ichkeria and Dagestan and the Stavropol territory, do not have a good communication. There is a common newspapers, not to mention the modern means of communication, inter-regional television and radio broadcasting. In the area of residence Nogai in these states do not have good paved roads. All of the above is not conducive to development and livelihood Nogai as a single ethnic group. Ideological vacuum, usually filled with the ideology of national rebirth in its various expressions – from the spiritual renewal to political and cultural isolationism.

Hence the production Nogays the question of political self-determination and establishing their autonomous entities within the Russian Federation. The resolution of this issue is very problematic because it requires at least the consent of three actors: Chechnya, Dagestan and Stavropol. In Shelkovskom Neftekumsk areas and high levels of cohabitation, and Nogays constitute a minority, although the village bordering Nogayskim region of the country, almost entirely Nogai. Therefore, in terms of civil accord problematic, not less than the level of authority. Today, given the political situation in the North Caucasus, the question avtonomizatsii Nogai not be so acute, but not withdrawn altogether.

The problem of separation nogayskogo people to decide through the entire real rapprochement of the peoples of the three subjects of the Russian Federation. Therefore, in recent times among the Nogai are increasingly raised the issue of creating a unified information and cultural center that would address the cultural, educational problems nogayskogo people, it would reinforce in the minds of Nogai confidence that they are an integral part of a united Russia. Implementation of measures to conserve the identity nogayskogo people, the decision of many cultural and educational issues, of course, relieve the severity of inter-ethnic relations in the regions of residence Nogai.

? Conclusion

Polovci, appeared at the beginning of XI century in the North Caucasus, absorbed in the structure weakened the tribes Pechenegs (kangly) and the ancient inhabitants of the steppes Khazars. Even the appearance of the Mongolian in the XIII century and the subjugation Chingizidami Polovtsy did not give the desired result of a very simple reason: the number of Mongolians in the newly created State – Golden Horde – was small compared to the indigenous inhabitants, Polovets. Label the expression of Academician V. Zhirmunskogo: «Land triumph over porabotitelyami, and they all began to speak polovetskom language». In 1391 on the ruins of the Golden Horde became an equal footing with other Nogayskaya Horde, existed, modified until 1783. From that period in the North Caucasus remains a myriad of historical sources: Nogai cemeteries in the Prigorodny region of North Ossetia, on the river. Labe, Urupe and many other places. But the most striking evidence that Nogays are the oldest residents, is preserved toponymy. In the names of rivers, lakes, human settlements: Egorlyk – the river flowing in high places, Tashliev – rocky, Chla – gray, Karamyk – after Beshpagir (Besbakyr) five poor Kalaus – rock water Ashy – fist – Bitter girder. Lakes: buffalo (Biy – Bala) – The child is the ruler, Sengelevskoe (Kazma) – dig, Kitaevskoe, Burlatskoe compare kytay and Burlak – the name nogayskih tribes Tomuzlovke (August) – drop. The list is endless.

At the present stage Nogays retained their territory mainly in Nogayskoy steppes, where more than 60 nogayskih auls, including 18 in the Neftekumsk district, is: Achikulak, Biyash, Karatyube, Novkus-Artezian, Artezian Manga Kayasula, Yamanguy, Besey, Ouch Tyube, Tukuy-Mekteb, Zunkar, Abram-Tyube, Mahmoud-Mekteb, Kuna, Murzabek, Levopadinskaya, Nayko, Sogulyaki in Stepnovski area: a.Ali-kuyu outside Nogayskoy steppe in Pyatigore: Yes. Kangly on Kubany: Yes. Karamurzov. In the Stavropol region on their ethnic territories are 22 nogayskih aul. The number of Nogai, the latest data to 35 thousand people.

The economic crisis of transition in Russia badly affected regions of residence Nogai. Almost everywhere, agricultural production fell. In Nogayskom area was a strong reduction in livestock, the only source of livelihood Nogai. In 1996, the Government allocated to commercial loan 2.8 billion to field work, and in 1997 only 80 million rubles. Debts Nogayskogo collective farms and state farms area at 8 billion 400 million rubles.

All of the above is not conducive to development and livelihood Nogai as a single ethnic group. Economic decline in the areas inhabited by Nogai affects social relations, entails a certain political demands to the government as the province, and Russia.

Ideological vacuum, usually filled with the ideology of national rebirth in its various expressions – from the spiritual renewal to political and cultural isolationism.

Complex historical paths came to his current position in a number of other ethnicities Nogays. The issue of further development of the ethnic group at the moment is more than ever urgent that further defines the topic.

Materials course work have practical significance for teachers of history in studying the history of individual ethnic groups living in Russia, as well as in teaching the course «The people of the North Caucasus».