INTRODUCTION:

Turkic languages belong to the Altaic family and include; Uzbek, Ottoman

Turkish, Azerbaijani, Turkoman, Tatar, Kirghiz and Yakut.

Two important features that characterize the Ural-Altaic languages, with few

exceptions, are agglutination and vowel harmony. These two points of similarity have led a number of authorities to accept Ural-Altaic unity. In an agglutinative language, different linguistic elements, each of which exists separately and has a fixed meaning, are often joined to form one word. In these languages multiple suffixes are added to i root while prefixes are almost totally lacking. Vowel harmony refers to the agreement between the

vowels in the root of a word and the vowels in the word suffix or suffixes. Such agreement is illustrated in the Turkish words ev [house] and evde [at the house]; masa [table] and masada [at the table]. Thus, most suffixes have a double form, one with a front vowel to correspond to a root with a front vowel, and one with a back vowel to match a root with a back vowel. Grammatical gender (with its distinctions of masculine, feminine, and neuter)

is generally lacking in the Ural-Altaic languages. Stress varies in the different tongues. The Ural-Altaic languages also have a small common vocabulary consisting of basic words, among them some personal pronouns, some words indicating kinship (e.g., mother, father), and some words that denote plants and animals, name occupations, and the like. This rudimentary vocabulary is common to all the tongues and is considered by some to be additional evidence for Ural-Altaic unity. At the same time, speakers of the Ural-Altaic languages also borrowed words from the various tongues of other peoples with whom they came in contact.

Linguistic Traits Common to all

Turkic Languages

1. Agglutinative Structure, i.e. Root + Affixes

2. Vowel Harmony

3. Lack of definite and indefinite articles

4. Lack of grammatical gender

5. Adjective precedes the noun; no noun-adjective agreement

6. Postposition preferred over the preposition

7. Verbs generally negated by a negative marker infix, which usually is not

stressed

8. The verb is usually final

TATAR (Russia, Europe)

Country

Russia, Europe

Language code

TTR

Continent

Europe

Alternate language names

TARTAR

Dialect names

Crımean Tatar, Kazan Tatar, Mısher, Tura, Baraba, Tom, Tyumen, Ishım, Yalutorov, Irtysh, Tobol, Tara, Astrakhan Tatar, Kasımov-Tatar, Teptyar, Uralıan Tatar

Genetic affiliation

Altaic, Turkic, Western, Uralian

Geographical region

Tatarstan, from Moscow to eastern Siberia. Capital is Kazan, on the Volga River. Also in Turkey and Finland

Population

5,715,000 speakers (86%) out of an ethnic group of 6,645,588 in Russia (1989 census), including 6,017,000 ethnicTatar, of whom 86% speak Tatar as mother tongue, and an additional 370,000 Bashkir who speak it as mother tongue; 7,000 to 10,000 in New York City and San Francisco, USA; 1,000 in China (1990); 350 in Afghanistan; 7,000,000

total (1991 WA)

New Testament printings

in press (1989)

Printings of whole books of Bible

1864-1986

Remarks

Has literary status, based on Crimean dialect.. High literacy rate. Baraba may be a distinct language .

Subsistence type

Agriculturalists, oil workers, coal miners

Total speakers

7,000,000

Religion

Sunni Muslim, some Christians

Also in

Turkey, China, USA, Afghanistan, Finland

LATIN-BASED TATAR ALPHABET

used in this work:

Aa Bb Cc Çç Dd Ee Ff Gg Ğğ Hh Iı İi Íí Jj Kk Ll Mm Nn Ññ Oo Öö Pp Qq Rr Ss Şş Tt Uu Üü Vv Ww Xx Yy Zz

Modern TURKISH alphabet is the same, save for not having the following Tatar phonemes:

Íí, Ññ, Qq, Ww, Xx.

All letters of Tatar alphabet identical to letters of Turkish alphabet are pronounced identically to Turkish letters, and most letters of both that are identical to German alphabet are pronounced identically to German letters, although there are some subtleties in some letters. Pronunciation of some non-straightforward letters can be illustrated with English words as follows: c-jacket, ç-charm, e-ability, j-genre, ñ-darling, ş-short.

Some Turkish/Tatar letters need further explanation:

1) ğ-guttural g; somewhat harsh, protractible, sound when you pronounce g down in the throat, as if you growl; identical to Parisian r pronounced far down in the throat; identical to softer ghayn in Arabic (the one with dot on the top) as in Arabic word “ghariib”; Tatar ğ is somewhat harsher than Turkish ğ. Turkish ğ sometimes designates prolongation of the previous vowel, and sometimes is pronounced as “y”.

2) ı-back-mouth version of vowel í which is slightly graver (toward back mouth) than i.You can obtain ı by protracting the i in word “platinum”; i there is not pronounced, but if you prolong the whispering sound between t and n you obtain Turkic ı.

3) q– guttural version of k; k pronounced down in the throat; almost identical to Arabic “qaaf”.

4) x– guttural version of h; h pronounced down in the throat, almost identical to “kha” in Arabic (the one with dot on the top).

The following paper discusses Turkic vowels, alphabets, and temporary adjustments for smooth usage online (all from the viewpoint of Tatar):

http://www.geocities.com/WallStreet/District/6148/TatarAlpha.doc

TATAR-TURKISH CONCORDANCE/CONVERSION TABLE

any-any syllable; 1-first syllable; 2-any syllable after first; last-last syllable; end-end of syllable/word; all verbs are in imperative

Frequent relationships:

TATAR	TURKISH	Syllable	EXAMPLES
Ğ	omitted	any	Ğarep-Arap-Arab, doğa-dua-prayer, ğaziz-aziz-precious/mighty
I	U	2	ulım-oğlum-my son, tulı-dolu-full, qulım-kolum-my arm
I	E	1	it-et-meat, imin-emin-secure/confident, irík-erk-freedom/will
Í	I	any	íz-iz-footprint/track, íşsíz-işsiz-unemployed,, tílek-dilek-wish
Í	Ü	2	ülím-ölüm-death, , küríş-görüş-view, küñlím-gönlüm-my soul
k	G	1	ket-git-go, kel-gel-come, kül-gül-lake
ñ	N	end/any	iñ-en-the most, íşsízsíñ-işsizsin-you’re unemployed, kiñ-geniş-wide
O	U	any1	ozon-uzun-long, olo-ulu-great, qoro-kuru-dry, boz-buz-ice
Ö	Ü	any	üş-üç-three, öst-üst-upper (side), gölöm-gülüm-my flower/rose
Q	K	any	qış-kış-winter, qara-kara-black/ground, qal-kal-stay
u	O	1	o-o-he/she/it, uq-ok-arrow, un-on-ten
ü	Ö	1	ül-öl-die, süz-söz-word, üz-öz-self/essence
w	V	any	watan-vatan-motherland, qawím-kavim-tribe, aw-av-hunt
x	H	any	xel-hal-situation/state, xeríf-harf-letter, xerabe-harabe-ruin

There is no use memorizing all relationships; practice will do the job. In addition, it is easy to recall a relationship even if you do not remember one.

Rare Relationships:

TATAR	TURKISH	Syllable	EXAMPLES
b	p	any	barmaq-parmak-finger, qarbız-karpuz-water-melon
b	v	1	ber-vur-blow/hit, bar-var-available
c	y	1	cir-yer-earth, cey-yay-spread
ç	c	last	Azeriçe-Azerice-Azerbaijani, Qırğızça-Kırgızca-Kyrghyz (languages)
ç	s	1	çeç-saç-hair,
ğ	k	any	çığar-çıkar-take out, ağar-akar-flows (verb)
w	ğ	any	taw-dağ-mountain, saw-sağ-healthy

LEXICAL SEMANTIC ANALYSIS

English Tatar Phonetic Transcription

I’m a bride. Men kelinmen. /men kelínmen/

I’m a thief. Men qırsızman. /men qırsızmΛn/

You’re a bride. Sen kelinsın. /sen kelínsıŋ/

You’re Turk. Sen Turksun. /sen Túrksuŋ/

You’re a father. Sen babaysın. /sen bΛβΛysıŋ/

You’re blind. Sen soqursun. /sen soqursuŋ/

He’s a father. O babay. /o b٨b٨y/

He’s blind. O soqur. /o soqur/

We’re brides. Bız kelinmız. /bız kelíŋmiz/

We’re fathers. Bız babaymız. /bız bΛβΛymız/

We’re blind. Bız soqurmuz. /bız soqurmuz/

We’re Turks. Bız Turkmuz. /bız Túrkmuz/

You’re a guest. Sız misapırsız. /sız mísapırsız/

You’re Turks. Sız Turksuz. /sız Túrksuz/

You’re blind. Sız soqursuz. /sız soqursuz/

You are thieves. Sız qırsızsız. /sız qırsızsız/

They’re brides. Olar kelinler. /olΛr kelínler/

They!re thieves. Olar qırsızlar. /olΛr qırsızlΛr/

I’m not a father. Ben babay toğ ulman. /men bΛβΛy to ulmΛn/

I’m not a thief. Ben qırsız toğ ulman. /men qırsız to ulmΛn/

You’re not a thief. Sen qırsız toğ ulsun. /sen qırsız to ulsuŋ/

He isn’t a father. O babay toğul. /o bΛβΛy to ul/

He isn’t a thief. O qırsız toğul. /o qırsız to ul/

We aren’t fathers. Bız babay toğulmız. /bız bΛβΛy to ulmız/

We aren’t thieves. Bız qırsız toğulmız. /bız qırsız to ulmız/

You aren’t fathers. Sız babay toğulsız. /sız bΛβΛy to ulsız/

You aren’t thieves. Sız qırsız toğulsız. /sız qırsız to ulsız/

They aren’t fathers. Olar babay toğullar. /olΛr bΛβΛy to ullΛr/

They aren’t thieves. Olar qırsız toğullar. /olΛr qırsız to ullΛr/

Am I a man? Men aqayman mı? /men ΛqΛymΛn mı/

Am I a bride? Men kelinmen mi? /men kelínmen mi/

Are you a bride? Sen kelinsın mı? /sen kelínsıŋ mı/

Are you a thief? Sen qırsızsın mı? /sen qırsızsıŋ mı/

Is she a bride? O kelin mi? /o kelín mi/

Is he thief? O qırsız mı? /o qırsız mı/

Are we brides? Bız kelinmız mı? /bız kelínmiz mı/

Are we thieves? Bız qırsızmız mı? /bız qırsızmız mı/

Are you brides? Sız kelinsız mı? /sız kelínsiz mı/

Are you thieves? Sız qırsızsız mı? /sız qırsızsız mı/

Are they men? Olar aqaylar mı? /olΛr ΛqΛylΛr mı/

Are they blind? Olar soqurlar mı? /olΛr soqurlΛr mı/

Are they brides? Olar kelinler mi? /olΛr kelínler mi/

Are they grooms? Olar qıyevler mı? /olΛr qıyevler mi/

Aren’t we me n? Bız aqay toğılmız mı? /biz ΛqΛy to ulmız mı/

Aren’t they blind? Olar soqur toğullar mı? /olΛr soqur to ullar mı/

Aren’t you brides? Sız kelin toğulsız mı? /sız kelín to ulsız mı/

Aren’t I a Turk? Men Turk toğulman mı? /men Túrk to ulmΛn mı/

Isn’t he a groom? O qıyev toğul mı? /o qıyev to l mı/

Let’s wait for his coming. Oğun kelmesin bekliyik. /o un kelmesiŋ beklıyik/

Chilldren have to sleep a lot. Balların kop juklaması kerek./bΛllΛrıŋ qop cuqlΛmΛsı qerek/

It ‘s now the time to work. Sündü salısmak zamanı. /Šúndú šΛlıšmΛk zΛmΛnı/

It’s difficult to walk in the rain. Jawunda jurmek zor./cΛwunda cúrmek zor/

We didn’t hear of your coming. Kelgenin esitmedik. /kelgeniŋ ešitmedik/

He talked of giving the money to him. Paranı oğa bergenin ayttı./pΛrΛnı o a bergeniŋ Λyttı/

He didn’t see the child sitting. Oturgan balanı korme

There is no one to see here. Mında korejek kısı kslmadı. /mında korecek kıšı kΛlmΛdı/

We couldn’t find anyone to show the way. Jol kosterejek kısı tabamadık./col kósterecek kıšı tΛbΛmadık/

He cried and went away. Jılayıp ketti. /cılΛyıp ketti/

He arrived by swimming. Jaldap bardı. /jΛldap bΛrdı/

Don’t talk by shputing. Bakırıp sölenme. /bΛkırıp sόlenme/

We’ll leave when the sun sets. Kunes batganda korusurmuz./kuneš bΛtgΛnda kόrušúrmúz

Don’t come. Sız kelmeniz. /sız kelmeŋiz/

Don’t listen. Sız tınlamanız. /sız tínlamaŋız/

Don’t walk. Sız jurmeniz. /sız cúrmeŋiz/

Let me come. Men keleyim. /men keleyim/

Let me listen. Men tınlayım. /men tınlΛyım/

Let me walk. Men jureyim. /men cúreyim/

Let him look. O qaray /o qΛrΛy/

Let him walk. O jure. /o cúre/

Let him stand. O tura. /o turΛ/

Let’s look. Bız qarayık. /bız qΛrΛyık/

Let’s come. Bız keleyik. /bız keleyik/

Let’s walk. Bız jureyik. /bız cúreyik/

Let them look. Olar qaraylar. /olΛr qΛrΛylΛr/

Let them come. Olar keleler. /olΛr keleler/

Let them stand. Olar turalar. /olΛr turΛlΛr/

Let me not look. Men qaramayım. /men qΛrΛmΛyım/

Let’s not walk. Bız jurmeyik. /bız cúrmeyik/

Let him not coma. O kelmey. /o kelmey/

Shall I look? Men qarayım mı? /men qΛrΛyım mı/

Shall I not walk? Men jurmeyım mı? /men cúrmeyim mi/

Shoul he stop? O toktay mı? /o toktΛy mı/

Shoul he not stop? O toktamay mı? /o toktΛmΛy mı/

I look. Men qararman. /men qΛrΛrmΛn/

You listen. Sen tınlarsın. /sen tınlΛrsın/

He brings. O ketirir. /o ketirir/

We walk. Bız jururmuz. /bız cúrúrmuz/

You say. Sız aytarsız. /sız ΛytΛrsız/

They stand. Olar tururlar. / olΛr tururlΛr/

I don’t come. Men kelmam. /men kelmem/

I don’t listen. Men tınlamam. /men tınlΛmΛm/

I don’t walk. Men jurmem. /men cúrmem/

You don’t say. Sen aytmazsın. /sen ΛytmΛzsıŋ/

You don’t stand. Sen turmazsın. /sen turmΛzsıŋ/

He doesn’ come. O kelmez. /o kelmez/

They don’t walk. Olar jurmezler. /olΛr cúrmezler/

We don’t look. Bız qaramammız. /bız qΛrΛmΛmmız/

We don’t walk. Bız jurmemmiz. /bız cúrmemmiz/

I am eating. Men asayman. /men ΛsΛymΛn/

You’re closing. Sen japasın. /sen capasıŋ/

He is bringing. O ketirir. /o ketirir/

We are walking. Bız juremiz. /bız cúremiz/

You are planting. Sız ornatasız. /sız ornΛtasız/

They are taking. Olar aketeler. /olΛr Λketeler/

I’m not eating. Men asamayman. /men ΛšΛmΛymΛn/

You’re not closing. Sen japmaysın. /sen cΛpmaysıŋ/

He isn’t bringing. O ketirmey. /o ketirmey/

We aren’t walking. Bız jurmeymiz. /bız cúrmeymiz/

You aren’t planting. Sız ornatmaysız. /sız ornΛtmΛysız/

They aren’t taking. Olar aketmeyler. /olΛr Λketmeyler/

Am I eating? Men asayman mı? /men ΛšΛymΛn mı/

Are you closing? Sen japasın mı? /sen capasıŋ mı /

Isn’t he walking? O jurmey mi? /o cúrmey mi/

Isn’t he bringing? O ketirmay mi? /o ketirmey mi/

Aren’t you standing? Sız turmaysız mı? /sız turmaysız mı/

Aren’t they giving? Olar bermeyler mi? /olΛr bermeyler mi/

I ate. Men asadım. /men ΛšΛdım/

You brought. Sen ketirdin. /sen ketirdiŋ/

He planted. O ornatı. /o ornΛttı/

We walked. Bız jurduk. /bız cúrduk/

They closed. Olar japtılar. /olΛr cΛptılΛr/

You sang. Sız ayttınız. /sız Λyttınız/

I didn’t eat. Men asamadım. /men ΛšΛmΛdım/

He didn’t burn. O jakmadı. /o cΛkmΛdı/

Did they ask for? Olar tilediler mi? /olΛr tilediler mi/

Did we look? Bız qaradık mı? /bız qΛrΛdık mı/

I went to bed. Men jatgaman. /men catgΛmΛn/

You ate. Sen asagasın. /sen ΛšΛgΛsın/

He came. O kelgen. /o kelgen/

We closed. Bız japgamız. /bız cΛpgΛmız/

You planted. Sız ornatgasız. /sız ornΛtgΛsız/

They walked. Olar jurgenler. /olΛr cúrgenler/

I didn’t go to bed. Men jatmagaman. /men cΛtmΛgΛmΛn/

You didn’t bring. Sen ketirmegesin. /sen ketirmegesiŋ/

He didn’t water. O suwgarmagan. /o suwgΛrmΛgΛn/

We didn’t say. Bız aytmaganmız. /bız ΛytmΛgΛnmız/

You didn’t come. Sız kelmegensiz. /sız kelmegensız/

They didn’t lock. Olar qırtlemegenler. /olar qırtlemegenler/

Did I cry? Men jılagaman mı? /men jılagΛmΛn mı/

Did you swim? Sız jaldagasız mı? /sız cΛldΛgΛsız mı/

Did they walk? Olar jurgenler mı? /olΛr cúrgenler mi/

Didn’t he keep? O jasırmagan mı? /o cΛsırmΛgΛn mı/

Didn’t I give? Men bermegemen mi? /men bermegemen mi/

I was eating Men asaydım. /men ΛšΛydım/

You were closing. Sen jabaydın. /sen cΛbΛydıŋ/

He was walking. O jureydi. /o cúreydi/

We were planting. Bız ornataydık. /bız ornΛtΛydık/

You were going. Sız keteydiniz. /sız keteydiniz/

I wasn’t eating. Men asamaydım. /men ΛšΛmΛydım/

You weren’t closing. Sen japmaydın. /sen cΛpmΛydın/

He wasn’t walking. O jurmeydi. /o curmeydi/

We weren’t planting. Bız ornatmaydık. /bız ornΛtmΛydık/

Was I eating? Men asaymıydım? /men ΛšΛymıydım/

Were you walking? Sen jureymiydin? /sen cúreymiydiŋ/

Weren’t you walking? Sen jurmeymiydin? /sen cúrmeymiydiŋ/

Were they closing? Olar jabamıydılar? /olΛr cΛbΛmıydılΛr/

Weren’t they closing? Olar japmaymıydılar? /olΛr cΛpmΛymıydılΛr/

I used to walk. Men jurer idim. /men cúrer idim/

You used to eat. Sen asar idin. /sen ΛšΛr idiŋ/

We used to come. Bız kelir idik. /bız kelir idik/

They used to sing. Olar aytar idiler. /olΛr ΛytΛr idiler/

I didn’t use to walk. Men jurmez idim. /men cúrmez idim/

You didn’t use to eat. Sen asamaz idin. /sen ΛšΛmΛz idiŋ/

They didn’t use to go to bed. Olar jatmaz idiler. /olΛr cΛtmΛz idiler/

He didn’t use to close. O japmaz idi. /o cΛpmΛz idi/

Did I use to walk? Men jurermiydim? /men cúrer miydim/

Didn’t I use to walk? Men jurmezmiydim? /men cúrmez miydim/

Did you use to eat? Sen asarmıydın? /sen ΛšΛr mıydıŋ/

Didn’t you use to eat? Sen asamazmıydın? /sen ΛšΛmΛz mıydıŋ/

I had come. Men ketgen idim. /men ketgen idim/

You had eaten Sen asagan idin. /sen ΛšΛgΛn idiŋ/

They had said. Sen aytgan idin. /sen ΛytgΛn idiŋ/

I hadn’t come. Men kelgen yok idim. /men kelgen yok idim/

You hadn’t eaten. Sen asagan yok idin. /sen ΛšΛgΛn yok idin/

Had I come? Men kelgen miydim? /men kelgen miydim/

Had you eaten? Sen asagan mıydın? /sen ΛšΛgΛn mıydıŋ/

Hadn’t we closed? Bız japgan yok miydik? /bız cΛpgΛn yok mıydik/

Hadn’t I come? Men kelgen yok miydim /men kelgen yok miydim/

I will come. Men kelejekmen. /men kelecekmen/

You will eat. Sen asajaksın. /sen ΛšΛcΛksıŋ/

He will give. O berejek. /o berecek/

We will walk. Bız juerejekmız. /bız cúrecekmız/

I won’t come. Men kelmejekmen. /men kelecekmen/

You won’t eat. Sen asamajaksın. /sen asamacaksıŋ/

We won’t walk. Bız jurmejekmiz. /bız cúrmecekmız/

Will you eat? Sen asajaksın mı? /sen ΛšΛcΛksıŋ mı/

Will he give? O berejek mi? /o berecek mi/

Won’t we swim? Biz jaldamajakmız mı? /bız cΛldΛmΛcΛkmız mı/

Won’t they walk? Olar jurmejekler mi? /olΛr cúrmecekler mi/

I was going to come. Men kelejekidim. /men kelecek idim/

You were going to eat. Sen asajakidin. /sen ΛšΛcΛk idiŋ/

He was going to give. O berejekidi. /o berecek idi/

I wasn’t going to come. Men kelmejekidim. /men kelmecek idim/

You weren’t going to eat. Sen asamajakidin. /sen ΛšΛmΛcΛk idiŋ/

Was I going to walk? Men kelejek miydim? /men kelecek miydim/

Were you going to eat? Sen asajak mıydın? /sen ΛšΛcΛk mıydıŋ/

Weren’t we going to close? Bız japmajakmaykemiz?/bız cΛpmΛcΛkmΛykemiz/

VERB		NOUN		ADJECTIVE		ADVERB
TatarBayla-QoterBeğenTınlaQırtQaraYasaEristirAqlasJılaGesOrnatSolmekMaqtaSalJuwurJörSökEkJiberJegirBatYuqlaSölenTurQırslaSalısJaldaJurJuwSuwgarSıbırdaTapSıbınZıgarlaBerKetAzÖsJasırKetirSındırSaynaKelJılaKesSön	EnglishJoinLiftLikeListenLockLookMakeMakeAngPeaceCryPassPlantPotPraisePutRunSeeScoldSeedSendShoutSinkSleepSpeakStandStealStudySwimWalkWashWaterWhisperFindFlyForceGiveGoGo astrayGrew upHideBringBreakChewComeCryCutDie out	TatarAlayQöserMetiElekenTöşekTıraqaMışıqTüyeQapıştaTelbewKelinÖtmekSüyekTuwarŞipşeBalaQomürTalyarQamırBabayŞiplikBetJawQoyTartmaQoleksePapışKokJılanOmaşUlOlarQırsızÜşWaqıtTilTişTestimalTerekOşaqQorelMaramaToyBıydayJelApaqayBalaAsganaPışaqTeriJarıqKernBawurSıragÖpkeAqaySorpaPiyalaSırgıyAnayMıylaAğuzŞamırİnşekKeşeSuwultıMurunKışıQışeQartopJawunÜşgerArganŞeşekQuliyQolşaqTeşikJürekQıllıqQıyevQartanayÖşekQımırsqa	EnglishAuntAxleBarielBasinBedBellCatCamelCariageBridleBrideBreadBoneCattleChickenChildCoalDeskDoughFatherFarmFaceEnemySheepShelfShiftShoeSkySnakeSoapSonTheyThiefThreeTimeTongueToothTowelTreeTrivetTurkeyVeilWeddingWheatWindWomanChildKitchenKnifeLeatherLightLipLiverLampLungManMeat juiceMirrorMosqoitoMotherMoustachMouthMudNieceNightNoiseNosePersonPocketPotatoRainRoomRopeFlowerFoalGloveHoleHeartHabitGroomGrandmotGossipAnt	TatarEkinjiAstaKişkeneAsığanMazalıBekJartıJaşTeraqayBırınjıZuwanaSeberIssıMındaErendeJayılSüyümlüÜylüErteQopKerekJanıQartBırQarlıOrtenPuqareŞerikBayJoqJorgaJawurnAsalGuylüBalabanJarıqJuwaşQarangıGüwezMaqtawlıŞalt	EnglishSecondSickSmallSourStrongVeryWor outYoungFewFirstFoolForemanHotHereGreaterİlliterateNiceMarriedEarlyMuchNecessaryNewOldOnePainfulPityPoorQuarterRichAbsentAmbleBackBadAngryBigBrightCalmDarkDark redFamousFast	TatarGeneEvelTınewunNeşinEkenQaysıQaydaSündü	English–AgainBeforeYesterdayWhyWhileWhichWhereNow

Surname: Velinov

Name:Aliye

Age: 21

Education Level: Grauated from AÖF

She lives in Turkey with her family.They have migrated from Crimean.Their native language is Tatar and they speak it at home with each other. She can also speak English and Turkish. She is also a member of an an organization which has built up to assist the immigrants.It is a place where the Tatar are able to speak their native languge and to meet and to organize activities about their homeland and their literature.

PHONOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

DEFINITION OF CONSONANT PHONEMES AND THEIR PHONETIC NATURE

/P/ Bilabial, voiceless, stop: This phoneme has three allaphones.[p] appears initially and before stressed vowels in such words as pıstık ‘nut’ , sorpa ‘meat juice’.[p] appears finallyin such words as jılap ‘rye’, qop ‘more’.In this position it is in free variation with [p ].[p ] appears before voiceless consonants.Sounds in such words as öpke ‘lung’ and sılapsı ‘wash basin’

/b/: Bilabial, voiced , stop: This phoneme has two allaphones.[b] apppears initially and medially before unstressed vowels in such words as bas ‘head’ and kayınbike ‘elder sister -in-law.The other allaphone appears only medially between vowels in such words as bala an ‘big’ and sı a ‘baby goat.’

/t/: Apico dental, voiceless, stop:This phoneme has three major allaphones.Among these [t ]appears initially and medially before a stressed vowels as telbew ‘bridle’ balta ‘axe’ and jı ıt .The tendency in language is on audible friction at the end of the words.The second allaphone [t ] which usually appears in medial position before unstressed vowels.It is very rarely in free variation with [t ] in the final position. Maktawlı ‘famous’ and qartanay ‘grand mother’ are the two very good examples to shoe the environment in which this sound appears most frequently.The [t ] whivh is the third important allaphone of /t/ appears medially in syllable final position.It is sometimes in free variation with [t ] in this position as in words atkar ‘see off’ tartma ‘shelf’.

/d/:Apico dental voiced stop: This phoneme has one allaphone which appears initially and medially but in intervocalic position and also between a consonant and a vowel.Duwadak ‘a big white bird’ jalda ‘swim’.This sound doesn’t appear in the final position.

/k/:Dorsovelar, voiceless stop: Unlike any other soundthe tatar language , this sound has five distinctive allaphones which appears in quite fixed positions.[k ]appears initially with front vowels and medially before stressed vowels.Ketir ‘bring’ opke ‘lung, üyken ‘eldest brother’.The second allaphone is [k ]and it appears in the medialposition before and affter front vowels when they!re unstressed.Kiškene ‘small’, qolekse’ shirt’.[k ] which is aspirated and accompanied by a kind of back or post velar co-articulation, appears in the final position after front vowels.Qotek ‘flannel!, sok ‘scold’.The fourth allaphone [q ] appears medially after unstressed vowels. Maqtawlı ‘famous’, qonaqbay ‘landlord’.The allaphone [q ] appears initially as in qoter ‘lift’, qıse ‘pocket’, medially before stressed back vowels as in sırqıy ‘mosquito’ and apaqay ‘woman’ and finally after back vowels as in osaq ‘trivet’, oymaq ‘ring’.

/g/:Dorsovelar, voiced, stop: This phoneme has two major allaphones.Both of them appear in the medial position with the difference that the [g ] appears before or after front vowels as in üsger ‘room’, egme ‘saddle bag’ and the [g ]allaphone appears before or after back vowels as in jorga ‘dark’.The allaphone [g ] appears in the initial position as in quwez ‘dark red’ and qúl ‘rose’.

/ /:Post velar, voiced, slit frcative:It has one variant.It appears in the medial position in various environments as in sır a ‘earing’ no utt ‘chick pea’ and tor ay ‘sparrow’.

/s/: Apico alveolar, voiceless, groove fricative:It has one variant which appears in all environments.Sor ‘suck’, pıstıq ‘pistachio nut’ and kes ‘cut’.

/z/:Apico alveolar, voiced, groove fricative:It has two allaphones.Of the two variants [z] appears initially and medially.The other variant [z] appears only in the final position in such words as toqız ‘present given at wedding, qoroz ‘rooster’.

/j/:fronto palatal, voiced, affricative:This is the only affricate sound in tatar and it has got one allaphone which appears in the initial and medial position as in jıla ‘cry’, juwur ‘run’.

/š/:Fronto palatal, voiceless,groove friicative:It has one allaphone which appears in all environments.Sömüs ‘skimmer’, kiskene ‘small’, bas ‘head’.

/m/:Bilabial, nasal:It has one variant in all environments in such words as mazalı ‘strong’, omas ‘a kind of soup’, and sımqım ‘pinch of’

/n/:Apico alveolar, nasal: This phoneme has one allaphhone and it appears in all positions.Some of the words in which it appears are no ut ‘chick pea’, arana ‘boiler’, jawurn ‘back’.

/ŋ/:Prevelar, nasal:This sound is very rare common in tatar language.It is very common with various inflections.It has one variant which appears in the medial position before [g]in

such words as qaraŋgı ‘dark’, singeŋ ‘greasy ‘ and in the final position in such wordsas balaŋ ‘your child’, tisiŋ ‘your tooth’.

/r/:Apico alveolar, flap:It has two distinct allaphones , one of them is [r] which appears only in the medial position in various environments in such words as erten ‘morning, ornat ‘plant’, qort ‘old’.The other allaphone is [r] which appears only in the final position as in ber ‘give’, qoter ‘lift’ and jasır ‘hide’.

/l/: Apico alveolar, lateral: It has two allaphones, neither of which appears in the init,ial position.Of these two allaphones [l ] appears with the front vowels both in the medial and final position as in seltek ‘sieve’, kel ‘come’.The other allaphone [l ] appears medially and finally with the back vowels as in mazalı ‘strong and sal ‘put’.

/w/:Bilabial, semi-vowel: It has one allaphone which appears in all environments in such words as waqıt ‘time’, jaw ‘enemy’, suwultı ‘noise’.

PHONEMIC CHART OF VOWELS IN TATAR LANGUAGE

DEFINITION OF VOWEL PHONEMES AND THEIR PHONETIC NATURE

/i/: High, front, unrouded:It has one allaphone which appears in all environments in such words as it ‘dog’, til ‘tongue’, kelin ‘bride’, meti ‘barrel’.

/e/:Low, front unrounded:It has one allaphone.Erten ‘morning’, tesik ‘hole’, burse ‘flea’.

/ü/: High, front, unrounded: It has two allaphones of which [ü] appears in environments other than after the bilabial semi vowel [w] in such words as üyken ‘eldest brother’, müyüz ‘horn’ and tüye ‘camel’.The other allaphone [ú] appears only in the medial position after the bilabial semi vowel[w] and the dorso velar stops (fronted) [k] and [g] in such words as awur ‘heavy’, kúl ‘ask’, gúl ‘rose’.

/ö/: Low, front, unrounded: It has got two distint allaphones.[ö] appears initially before sounds other than [s] and [p] and medially as ötmek ‘bread’, sölmek ‘pot’ and jöne ‘set off’. The other allaphone [ó] however appears initially before the sounds [p] and [s] and mmmedially after [q] and [s] in such words as oopke ‘lung’, ós ‘grow up’ qóp ‘much’ and sók ‘scold’.

/ı/: High, back, unrounded: It has one allaphone which appears in all environments in such words as ırgası ‘female animal’, sı a ‘bay goat’, jasır ‘hide’.

/a/: Low, back, unrounded: It has one allaphone appearing in all positions in such words as ablay ‘aunt’, jorga ‘amble’, Salı ‘bush’.

/u/: High back rounded: It has one allaphone appearing in all positions in such words as ursuq ‘distaff’, qurek ‘dust pan’.

/o/: Low, back, rounded:It has one allaphone and it appears an all positions except the final in such words as osal ‘bad’, joq ‘absent’, bosa a ‘treshold’, qopqa ‘bucket’.

CLUSTERS FOUND IN TATAR LANGUAGE

As for analysis and the other material are concerned no initial clusters have been observed in this language.Among the medial clusters which belong to one syllable very few have been have been observed in such words as:

Cluster Word

/-rs-/ /kımırska/ : ant

/-rt-/ /segertkı/ : locust

/-yt-/ /uytkus/ : cheese yeast

However, medial dual clusters, the members of which belong to different syllables are many and varied.In other words dual clusters which occur across syllable boundaries are many in number.

Medial triple clusters are very few in number.They all occur across syllable boundaries, two consonants at the end of one syllable the third initial in the follwing.

Cluster Word

/-rsk-/ /kımırska/ : ant

/-rsl-/ /kartbabay/ : grand father

/-ytk-/ /uytkus/ : cheese yesat

Not many final dual clusters have been observes.

Cluster Word

/-lk/ /julk/ : pluck

/-rk/ /sark/ : eask

/-yt/ /ayt/ : say

SUPRASEGMENTALS

STRESS

Stress is the relative degree of emphasis put on syllables.Three degrees of stresses have been identified.

/ / / : Primary

/ ^/ : Secondary

/ v /: Weak

DISTRIBUTION OF STRESS:

1)All of the one-syllable words carry primary stress.

/tis/ : tooth

/koy/ : sheep

/julk/ : pluck

2) Of the two syllable words, the final syllable bears the heaviest degree of stress while the initial syllable takes secondary stress.

/tuye/ : camel

/jorga/ : amble

/tesik/ : hole

3) In polysyllabic words usually the final syllable takes primary stress, while the initial syllable takes secondary and medial syllable takes weak stress.

/kımırska/ : ant /pukare/ : poor

/asgana/ : kitchen

PITCH LEVELS

Relative levels of pitch are observed.They are numbered as /1/ low, /2/ mid and /3/ high.Usually /2/ is the normal level of pitch to start one’s words and /3/ is relatively high and /1/ appears when one finishes one’s words.

/ Men babay to ulman. / :I am not a father.

/ er kese erte jatarsın. / : you go to the bed early every night.

JUNCTURES

Pauses of various types are indicated by different symbols.The normal juncture between segments which is called sustained juncture is shown by /l/ as in

/ üyde l ötmek l aketersin./ : You bring home some bread.

Rising juncture which is usually heard between items in lists or in series is shown by /ll/ as in

/ terek ll sesek ll Salı / : tree, flower, bush

Falling juncture which marks the end of one’s words is indicated by /#/ as in

/ er zaman jurer # / : He always walks.

MORPHOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

VOWEL HARMONY

Internal Vowel Harmony:

It is one of the most important features of Turkic Languages.It refers to the fact that as a general tendency words in Tatar follow a pattern by which either all of the vowels in the stem are members of the front vowel series or back vowel series.

Front Vowel Group.

/-i/ /-i/ /kıšı/ : person

/-i/ /-e/ /šingen/ : greasy

/-e/ /-e/ /eleken/ : basin

/-e/ /-i/ /meti/ : barrel

/-ö/ /-e/ /töle/ :poultryhouse

/-ö/ /-ü/ /šömüš/ :ladle

/-Ü/ /-Ü/ /müyüz/: horn

/-ü/ /-e/ /tüye/ : camel

Back Vowel Group

/-ı/ /-ı/ /kılık/ : habit

/-ı/ /-a/ /sı arak/ : chimney

/-a/ /-a/ /alay/ : aunt

/-a/ /-ı/ /katık/ : yoghurt

/-o/ /-a/ /jorga/ : amble

/-u/ /-u/ : /juwur/ : run

/-o/ /-u/ /no ut/ :chick pea

/-u/ /-a/ /tuwar/ :cattle

There arecertain exceptions to this rule:

/o/ /e/ /koser/ :axle

/u/ /e/ /qurek/ : dust pan

/a/ /ü/ /sernık/ : maten

/a/ /ü/ /jawürn/ : back

/a/ /e/ /aket/ : bring

The pattern of vowel harmony doesn’t include rounding, but only frontness and bacness.Rounded vowels may be followed by both rounded vowels as in /müyüz/ ‘horn’ and unrounded vowels as in /tösek/ ‘bed’.Unrounded vowels may be followed by both unrounded as in /istan/ ‘flannel’ and rounded vowels as in /bawür/ ‘liver’.

Vowel Harmony Between Stem and Suffix:

Vowel harmony is followed any time that a suffix is conditioned by the vowel of the final syllable of the stem, fitting either high or low voweel harmony.

/sömüs/ {-(I)m} /sömüsüm/ my laddle

/koy/ {-(I)n} /koyun/ : your sheep

/koz/ {-lEr} /közler/ : eyes

NOUN INFLECTION

A noun is a word which is inflected for numbers, possesion and case.

1)Plural Suffix:It is expressed with the morpheme {-lEr}.It has two allaphones which are phonologically conditioned.

a)/-ler/: It is added to nominal having a front vowel in its final syllable.

Eg. /tis/-/tisler/ tooth teeth

/sipse/-/sipseler/ chicken chickens

b)/-lar/: It is added to nominal having a back vowel in its final syllable.

Eg. /sıbın/-/sıbınlar/ fly flies

/a uz/-/a uzlar/ mouth mouths

2)Possesive Suffix: This group has a seperate member for each of the three persons and their plural forms as well.They indicate a relationship of possesions between the nominal and the possessor.

a)First Person Singular {-(ı)m}

It has five allamorphs all of which are phonologically conditioned.The allamorph /-im/ appears after the nominals which have /i/ or /e/ in the final syllable, the allamorp /-üm/ appears after the nominals which have /ü/ or /ö/ in the final syylable, the allamorp /-ım/ appears after the nominals which have /ı/ or /a/ in the final syllable./-um/ appears after the nominals which have /u/ or /o/ in the final syllable and /-m/ appears after the nominals which end with any of the vowels.

/eleken/-/elekenim/ basin my basin

/kelin/-/kelinim/ bride my bride

/koy/-/koyum/ sheep my sheep

/bala/-/balam/ child my child

b)Second Person Singular:

The suffix {-(I)}.It has five allamorphs which are phonologically conditioned.Their distribution is the same as the first person singular possesive suffix.

/eleken/-/elekenin/ basin your basin

/kelin/-/kelinin/ bride your bride

/sömüs/-/sömüsün/ laddle your laddle

/bala/-/balan/ child your child

c)Third Person Singular:

This suffix is {-(s)I(n)}.It has eight phonologically conditioned allamorphs, four of which having /s/ are /-si/, /-sı/, /-sü/, /-su/ and they appear after words ending in vowels.The other four without /s/ are /-i/, /-ı/, /-ü/ and/-u/ appear after words ending in consonants.

/sipse/-/sipsesi/ chicken his/her chicken

/bala/-/balası/ child his/her child

/sömüs/-/sömüsü/ laddle his/her laddle

d)First Person Plural

The suffix is{-(I)mız}.It has eight allamorphs four of which /-imiz/, /-ımız/, /-ümüz/, /-umuz/ are added to nominals ending in consonants and the other four /-miz/, /-mız/, /-muz/, /-müz/ are added to nominals endind in vowels.

/talyar/-/talyarımız/ desk our desk

/bala/-/balamız/ child our child

/sömüs/-/sömüsümüz/ laddle our laddle

/sipse/-/sipsemiz/ chicken our chicken

e)Second Person Plural:

The suffix is {-(I)n)z}.It has eight allamorphs whic are distributed in the same way as the first person plural possesive suffix.

/tis/-/tisiniz/ tooth your tooth

/talyar/-/talyarınız/ desk your desk

c)Third Person Plural:

The suffix is {-lErI(n)}.It has two allamorphs which are phonologically conditioned.Of these two /-leri/ is added to nominals whose final syllables have any of the four front vowels, and /-ları/ is added to nominals whose final syllables have any of the four back vowels.

/tis/-/tisleri/ tooth their tooth

/köz/-/közleri/ eye their eyes

/mısık/-/mısıkları/ cat their cats

3)Case Suffix :

a) Nominative Suffix: The suffix is {0}, that is there is no suffix added to nominals to form the nominative case.

b)Accusative Suffix : It is {-nI}. It has four phonologically conditioned allamorphs.Of these /-ni/ is added to nominals whose final syllables include one of the two unrounded front vowels./-nı/ is added to nominals whose final syllables include either of the two unrounded back vowels./-nü/ is added to nominals whose final syllables include one of the two front rounded vowels and /-nu/ is added to nominals whose final syllables include any of the two rounded back vowels.

/kuliy/-/kuliyni ketir/ foal bring the foal

/tösek/-tösekni ketir/ bed bring the bed

/köz/-/köznü juw/ eye wash the eye

c) Dative Suffix : The dative suffix is {-gE}.It has tw morphologically conditioned allamorphs./-ge/ & /-ga./-ge/ is added to nominals having one of the four front vowels in their final syllables, and /-ga/ is added to nominals having one of the four back vowels in their final syllables.

/kuliy/-/kuliyge kara/ foal look at the foal.

/tösek/-/tösekge kara/ bed look at the bed.

/köz/-/közge kara/ eye look at the eye.

/mısık/-/mısıkga kara/ cat look at the cat.

d)Locative suffix . The locative suffix is {-dE}.It has two phonologically conditioned allamorphs./-de/ & /-da/.

/meri/-/metide suw bar/ barrel there is water in the barrel.

/samır/-/samırda jürme/ mud Don’t walk in the mud.

e)Ablative Suffix : The ablative suffix is {-dEn}.It has two phonologically conditioned allamorphs./-de/ &/-dan/.

/mısapır/-/misapirden para tileme/ Don’t ask for money from the guest.

/kalaw/-/kalawdan tüstü/ wall ahe fell off the wall.

f) Genitive Suffix : The genitive suffix is {-nIn}.It has four phonologically conditioned allamorphs./-nin/ is added to nominals having one of the front unrounded vowels, /-nın/ is added to nominals having one of the back unrounded vowels, /-nün/ is addeds to nominals having one of the front rounded vowels, /-nun/ is added to nominals having one of the back rounded vowels.

Vowels in their final syllables:

/kuliy/-/kuliynin/ foal-of the foal

/mısık/-/mısıknın/ cat of the cat

/sömüs/-/sömüsnün/ laddle-of the laddle

/koy/-/koynun/ sheep-of the sheep

4)Personal Endings With Noun Predicates: Noun predicates are inflected for persons as follows;

A)Affirmative

a)First person Singular: The first person singular suffix for noun predicates is {-mEn} It has two phonologically conditioned allamorphs. /-men/ & /-man/.

/kelin/-/kelinmen/ bride-I am a bride.

/kırsız/-/kırsızman/ thief-I am a thief.

b)Second Person Singular: The suffix is {-sIn} which has four phonologically conditioned allamorphs.The distribution of these allamorhs is the same as the ones have already been mentioned.

/kelın/-/kelinsin/ You are a bride.

/Turk/-/Türksün/ You are Turk.

/babay/-/babaysın/ You are a father.

/soqur/-/sokursun/ You are blind.

c)Third Person Singular : {0} The noun predicates receive no suffix for the third person singular.

/babay/-/babay/ He is a father.

/soqur/-/sokur/ He is blind.

d)First Person Plural: {-mIz} It has four phonologically conditioned allamorphs./-mız/, /-miz/, /-muz/, /-müz/.

/kelın/-/kelınmiz/ We’re brides.

/babay/-/babaymız/ We’re fathers.

/soqur/-/soqurmuz/ We’re blind.

/Turk/-/Turkmüz/ We’re Turks.

e)Second Person Plural: {-sIz} It has four phonologically conditioned allamorphs./-siz/, /-sız/, /-suz/, /-süz/ used according to vowel harmony.

/misapır/-/misapırsız/ Yo’re guests.

/Turk/-/Turksüz/ You’re Turks.

/soqur/-/soqursuz/ You’re blind.

/qırsız/-/qırsızsız/ You’re thieves.

/kelın/-/kelınler/ They are brides.

/qırsız/-/qırsızlar/ They’re thieves.

B)Negative: Negatives of noun predicates are formed by the use of the negative morpheme {to ul}.The personal suffixes for all persons are added to the negative morpheme.Since the negative morpheme to ul is an unchanging from according to each personal suffix can be used with this morpheme.

a)First Person Singular: {toğul}+{-man}

/babay/-/babay+toğulman/ I am not a father.

/qırsız/-/kırsız+toğulman/ Iam not a thief.

b)Second Person Singular {toğul}+{-sın}

/babay/-/babay+toğulsın/ You aren’t a father.

/qırsız/-/qırsız+toğulsın/ You aren’t a thief.

c)Third Person Singular {toğul}+{0}

/babay/-/babay toğul/ He isn’t a father.

/qırsız/-/qırsız toğul/ He isn’t a thief.

d)First Person Plural {toğul}+{-mız}

/babay/-/babay toğulmız/ We aren’t fathers.

/qırsız/-/qırsız toğulmız/ We aren’t thieves.

e)second Person Plural {toğul}+{-sız}

/babay/-/babay toğulsız/ You are not fathers.

/qırsız/-/qırsız toğulsız/ You are not thieves.

f)Third Person Plural {toğul}+{-lar}

/babay/-/babay toğullar/ They are not fathers.

/qırsız/-/qırsız toğullar/ They are not thieves.

C)Affirmative Question : The question suffix is {-mI} and it has four phonologically conditioned allamorphs.When it is used with noun predicate, it follows the personal suffix.

/aqay/-/aqaymanmı/ Am I a man?

/kelın/-/kelınmenmi/ Aam I a bride?

b)Second Person Singular {-sIn}+{-mI}

/kelın/-/kelınsinmi/ Are you a bride?

/qırsız/-/qırsızsınmı/ Are you a thief?

c)Third Person Singular {0}+{-mI}

/kelın/-/kelınmi/ Is she a bride?

/qırsız/-/qırsızmı/ Is she a thief?

d)First Person Plural {-mIz}+{-mI}

/kelın/-/kelınmizmi/ Are we brides?

/qırsız/-/qırsızmızmı/ Are we thieves?

e)Second Person Plural {-sız}+{-mI}

/kelın/-/kelınsizmi/ Are you brides?

/qırsız/-/qırsızmı/ Are you thieves?

f)Third Person Plural {-lEr}+{-mI}: Since the third person plural suffix has two forms the form of the quetion is conditioned by the personal suffix.In this case two forms of the question suffix namely /-mi/ & /-mı/ are used after the third person plural suffix.

/aqay/-/aqaylarmı/ Are they men?

/soqur/-/soqurlarmı/ Are they blind?

/kelın/-/kelınlermi/ Are they brides?

/qıyev/-/qıyevlermi/ Are they bridegrooms?

D)Negative Questıon: In forming negative questions the negative morpheme {to ul} is used with the personal and interrogative suffixes.Since the order of suffixes is the same with all persons, a few examples from differnt persons will be sufficient.

/aqay/-aqay toğulmızmı/ Aren’t we men?

/soqur/-/soqur toğullarmı/ Aren’t they blind?

/kelın/-/kelın toğulsızmı/ Aren’t you bride?

/Turk/-/Turk toğulmanmı/ Aren’t I a Turk?

PRONOUN INFLECTION

A)Personal Pronouns

Personal pronouns are words used in the place of nouns in sentences.The personal suffixes are enough to convey the meaning required.All of the personal pronouns are inflected with the case suffixes in the same way as the nominals.

Personal pronouns with case endings:

a)Accusative Case. The two allamorphs such as /-i/ & /-u/ have been observed with the first, second, and third singular personal pronouns.

/men/: I /meni/: me

/sen/: you /seni/: you

/on-/: s/he /onu/: him

/bıiz/: we /bıznı/: us

/sız/:you /sıznı/: you

/olar/: they /olarnı/: them

b)Dative Case:

/mağa/: to me

/sağa/: to you

/oğa/: to him

/bizge/: to us

/sizge/: to you

/olarga/: to them

c)Locative Case:

/mende/: on, with me

/sende/: on, with you

/onda/: on, with him/her

/bızde/: on, with us

/sızde/: on, withyou

/olarda/:on, with them

/menden/: from me

/senden/: from you

/ondan/: from him

/bızden/:from us

/sızden/:from you

/olardan/:from them

e)Genitive case:

/meğin/:my

/seğin/:your

/oğun/:his

/bızım/:our

/sızın/your

/oların/:their

B)Demonstrative Pronouns:The demonstative pronouns present a new set of different from those used in Turkish.They are inflected more or less regularly with all case suffixes.

1)Demonstrative pronouns in their base forms:

/bu/:this

/anawı/:that

/o/:it

/bular/:these

/anawlar/:those

/olar/:they

2)Demonstrative pronouns with case suffixes:

a)Accusative case:

/bu/-/bunu: this

/olar/-/olarnı/:they

/anawı/-/anawnı/:that

/o/-/onu/:it

b)Dative Case: With /bu/ & /o/ the allamorph /- a/ is used.With the rest of the demonstratve pronouns the allamorph /-ga/ is used.

/buğa/:to this

/anawga/:to that

/oğa/:to it

/bularga/: to these

/anawlarga/:to those

/olarga/:to them

c)Locative Suffix

/bunda/: on,with this

/anawda/: on, with that

/onda/: on, with it

/bularda/: on, with these

/anawlarda/:on, with those

/olarda/: on, with them

d)Ablative Case

/bundan/: from this

/anawdan/:from that

/ondan/:from it

/bulardan/: from these

/anawlardan/:from those

/olardan/:from them

e)Genitive Case:

/bunun/:of this

/anawın//:of that

/onun/:of it

/buların/:of these

/anawların/of those

/oların/:of them

C)Reflexive pronouns: The reflexive pronouns are inflected with all the case suffixes in the same way as the othe pronouns.

/özüm/:myself

/özün/:yourself

/özü/:him/herself

/özümüz/:ourselves

/özünüz/yourselves

/özleri/:themselves

D)Possesive Pronouns:Possesive pronouns are inflected with allof the case suffixes.They present a new set of pronouns whose base forms are different from the previous pronoun forms.

Possesive base forms + {-kı}: For the nominative and accusative forms {-kı}has a single unchanginig allamorph.{-kı}is added to all forms of the possesive adjectives without regard to vowel harmony.With other case endings the third person singular form becomes /o unku/ and case vowel harmony.

/meğin/+{-kı}-/me inkı/:mine

/seğin/+{-kı}-/se inkı/:yours

/oğun/+{-kı}-/o unkı/:his

/bızım/+{-kı}-/bizimkı/:ours

/sızın/+{-kı}-/sizinki/:yours

/oların/+{-kı}-/olarınkı/:theirs

VERB INFLECTION

A)The non-finite forms are divided into ;

1)Verbal nouns:They are forms derived from verbs by using certain suffixes .They are inflected like nouns.

a){-mE}: It has two allamorphs./-me/ appears with the verbs having any of the four front vowels and /-ma/ appears with the verbs having any of the four back vowels in their final syllables.

/oğun kelmesin beklıyık/: Let’s wait for his coming

/balların qop yuklaması kerek/: Children have to sleep a lot.

b){-mEk}: It has two allamorphs which are distributed in the same way as the above mentioned suffix.

/sündü salısmak zamanı/: It’s now the time to walk.

/jawunda jurmek zor/: It’s difficult to walk in the rain.

c){-En}: It helps to form action nouns with a past meaning.

/kelgenin isitmedik/: We didn’t hear of your coming.

/paranı o a bergenin ayttı/: He talked of giving the money to him.

2)Participles:They modify the nouns or they attribute additional meaning to the nouns which go with them.

a){-gEn}: The present and past participle.It has two allamorphs.One of these /-gen/ appears with front vowels & /-gan/ appears with back vowels.

/oturgan balanı kormedi/: He didn’t see the child sitting.

/kulgen kıs meğnin inseğim/: The laughing girl is my niece.

b){-(y)EjEk}:The future participle.It has four allamorphs two of which with a /y/ appear after the verbs ending in vowels and the other without a/y/ appear after the verbs anding in consonants.

/mında korejek kısı kalmadı/: Ther is no one to see here.

/jol kosterejek bır kısı tabamadık/: We couldn’t find anyone to show the way.

c){-(I)lı}: It has eight allamorphs four of which with (I) appear with the verbs ending in consonants , the other four without (I) appear with the verbs ending in vowels.

/mında tigili bır tereğı jok/: He doesn’t have a planted tree here.

/toprakga komulu bır teste taptılar/: They found a pot buried in the ground.

3)Gerunds:

a){-(y)Ip}: It is added to verb bases.It has the meaning of ‘and’.It has eight allamorphs, four of which are added to verb bases ending in vowels and the other four are added to verb bases ending in consonants.

/ketip keldi/: He went away and came back.

/jılayıp ketti/: He cried and went away.

b){-yatırganda}: It is added to verb bases having no other suffixes.It means ‘durin’ or ‘any time when’.

/kelyatırganda/: When (I, you,s/he) (was,were) coming

/ketyatırganda/: When (I, you,s/he) (was,were) going

c){-sE}: It usually denotes a wish and the personal suffixes are added.It has two allamorphs.

/say issem/: If I drink tea

/jaldasa/: If he swims

d){-gEn+saytın}: It means ‘the more’ or ‘as oftenas’.It has two allamorphs.

/jılagansaytın/: The more he cried

/onu korgensaytın/: As I saw him

e){-gEn+wakyında}: The meaning is ‘upon doing something’.It has two allamorphs.

/üyge kelgen waktında/: Upon coming here

/üyden sıkgan waktında/: As soon as leaving the house

f){-gEnI}+{possesive suffix}: It means ‘the performance of an action’ and the person is dedicted by the addition of the relevant personal suffix.

/mında kelgenim/: Since I come here

/onu korgeni/: Since he saw her

g){mEdEn}: The meaning is ‘without doing something’or ‘having done the action’.It has two allamorphs.

/karamadan/: Without looking

/kelmeden/:Without coming

h){-(y)E}: It is used by itself or in its repeated form.It has four allamorphs.Of these the ones with /y/ appear with verb bases anding in vowels and the other twı without /y/ appear with verb bases ending in consonants.

/kule kule kıy/: Enjoy the use of it.

/jılaya jılaya/: By crying and crying

i){-(I)p}: The meaning is ‘by doing something’.It has eight allamorphs, four of which having /I/ appear with the verb bases ending in consonants and the other four without /I/ appear after the verb bases ending in vowels.

/jaldap bardı/: He arrived by swimming.

/bakırıp solenme/: Don’t talk by shouting.

j){-E(I)r}+some base with {-mEz}: They mean ‘as soon as’ or immediately after doing something’.

/kelir kelmez/: As soon as (I,ypu, s/he) come(s)

/tısarı sıgar sıkmaz/: As soon as (I, you, s/he) go(es) out

k){-gEsı}: It means ‘until (I, ypu, he) (do,does) something’or ‘until a certain time’.It has two allamorphs.

/kese bolgası/: Untill it becomes the night time

/onu korgesı/: Untill I see him/her

l){-gEndE}: It means ‘upon doing something’.It has two allamorphs.

/kelgende korüsürmüz/: We will each other upon coming

/qunes batganda ketermiz/: We will leave when the sun sets.

m){-gEndEn}+ {sora}:It means ‘after doing sth’. It has two allamorphs.

/qorgenden sora/: After seeing

/üyden sıkgandan sora/: After leaving the house

n){-gEnI}+ {üsün}:It means ‘because of doing something’It has two allamorphs.

/qop konusganı üsün/: Because of talking so much

/mında kelgeni üsün/: Since he has come here

B)Finite forms:

1)Imperatives:

• Affirmative
• Negative: It is formed by the addition to the verb bases of the negative suffix {-mE} according to vowel harmony.

2)Optatives:They are formed by the addition to the base form of a special set of suffixes for each person.

• Affirmative
• Negative :They are established by inserting the negative suffix right after the verb bases./-me/ & /-ma/ are used according to phonological nature of verb bases.
• Question: Both affirmative & negative questions are formed by the help of the question suffix {-mI}.The proper allamorphs of this morpheme, depending on the phonological nature of the final syllable are added to both affirmatime and negativeoptative utterances.

3)Tense

• Present Tense
• Past Tense
• Future Tense:
• Men qararman I look.
• Sen asaysın. You are eating.
• Men qırsızman. I am a thief.
• Ayt + ar He says.
• Kel + di She came.
• Tınla + r He listens.
• Asa + jak He will eat.
• Ayt + ar + man I say.
• Kel + di + n You came.
• Asa + jak + mız We will eat.

First pers. plr.

• Babay + toğul He isn’t a father.
• Qırsız + toğul. He isn’t a thief.
• Üşger + toğul. It isn’t a room.
• Juwur + ma + dı. He didn’t run.
• Qırsla + ma + dı He didn’t steal.

Neg. Mark.

Instead of prepositions, Tatars use postpositions.

• Üşger + de In the room
• Meti + de In the barrel.
• Şamır +da In the mud
• Jawunda jürmek zor. It is difficult to walk in the rain.
• Men qırsız toğulman. I am not a thief.

SIMPLE SENTENCES AND INTERROGATİVE SENTENCES

used to supply information are declerative sentences.Questions like sız qırsızsız mı? ‘are you a thief’ or olar aqaylar mı? ‘are they men’ ask for the answer yes/no.People who ask those questions want to know that something happened or not.However if they know that something has happened, they might to hear about the circumstances of the event such as the time, the place, the reason of the event or they want to know more about the participants like the people involved.

• Oturgan balanı kormedi. He didn’t see the child sitting.
• Jol kosterejek bır kısı tabamadık. We couln’t find someone to show the

• Jaldap bardı. He arrived by swimming.
• Jılaya jılaya ketti. He went by crying.
• Kelyatırganda korduk. We see when coming.
• Jılagansaytın qoterdi. He lifts when crying.

• Menim elekenim My basin
• Senin balan Your child
• Oğun şömüşü His laddle
• Mışıknın kozu Eye of a cat
• Ekinji bala Second child
• Jaş kışı Young person

• Anaw apaqay This woman
• O şeşek This flower

• Men aşadım. I ate.
• Bız üşgerde şalıştık. We studied in the room.
• Kuneş batganda ketermiz. We’ll leave when the sun sets.
• Bız jurermiz. We walk.
• O ketirir. He brings.

VP

• Olar toktajaklar. They will stop.

VP

NP may occur within the VP.

• Men qırsız toğulman. I am not a thief.

VP

• Olar soqur toğullar. They aren’t blinds.

VP

Negative form of sentences is formed by adding negative suffix [-mE].It also occurs in VP.

• Olar toktamajaklar. They won’t stop.

VP

• Men kelmejekmen. I won’t come.

VP

• Sen japmaysın. You aren’t closing.

VP

ADJECTIVE PHRASE:Adjective is the only obligatory element in AdjP .Adj.P is formed by Adj. + N

• Kışkene üy. A small hose.

Adj.P

• Puqare apaqay. The poor woman.

Adj.P

• Balaban papış. The big shoes.

Adj.P

Sometimes participles may function as adjectives.

• Oturgan balanı kormedi. He didn’t see the child sitting.
• Korejek kışı Someone to see…
• Tigili bır tereği Planted tree

Sometimes an adverb may preceede the adjective.

• Peq qop şeşek Too many flowers

Adj.P

ADVERB PHRASE:Adverv is the obligatory element in Adv.P.

• Şündü keldi He is coming now.
• Peq pazla sölendi. She speaks too much.

PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE:Prepositional pharses are built up by adding locative suffix.

• Metide in the barrel
• Samırda in the mud

An embedded sentence becomes an NP and it functions either as asubject or an object of a higher sentence.

• Paranı oğa bergenin ayttı. He talked of giving the money to him.

1)Paranı oğa berdi.

2)O ayttı.

A cernel sentence may specify an NP.

• Oğa bergen paranı kordum. I saw the monethat he has given.

S=NP + VP

NP=(DET) + (ADJ.P) + (NP) + N

NP=S

ADJ.P=(ADV.P) + ADJ

ADV.P=(ADV) + ADV

VP=(NP) + (NP) + (ADV) + V

[[ Men ] [qırsızman].] I am a thief.

NP VP

S=NP + VP

N=Men

V=qırsız

[ [Bız] [soqurmuz].] We are blinds.

NP VP

S=NP + VP

NP=bız

VP=soqur

[[kulgen kız][ meğin inşeğim]] The laughing girl is my niece.

NP VP

S=NP +VP

NP=ADJ + N

VP=NP + V

N=kız, meğin

ADJ=kulgen

V=inşeg

[[Balların] [ qop yuklaması kerek]] Children have to sleep a lot.

NP VP

S=NP +VP

NP=N
VP=ADV + NP + V

N=ballar, yuklama

ADV=qop

V=kerek

[ [Korejek bır kısı] [mında] [ kalmadı] ] There is no one to see here.

NP PP VP

S=NP + PP + VP

NP=ADJ + Num. + N

PP=P

VP=V

N=kısı

ADJ=korejek

P=mında

V=kalmadı

[ [ [Paranı ] [ oğa ][ bergenin]] [ ayttı ] ] He talked of giving the money..

NP VP

S=NP + VP

NP=S

VP=(NP) + V

N=para, oğa

V=berge, ayt

[ [Qop ] [yuklagaman ] ] I sleep too much.

ADV.P VP

S=NP + ADV + VP

NP= (Men)

VP=yukla

ADV=qop

CONCLUSION:

We studied some characteristics of Tatar.We tried to state some rules on this language.The properties which we have studied have general or less characteristics.We found that the word order is SOV.We may say that this is a general characteristic of that language.It is an agglutinative language.It has suffixes.We collected data and form a corpus and have analysed Tatar language according to the sentences used in this corpus.The corpus is obtained from the papers written published in journals about the language and literature of Tatar language.

¹ Officialy Tatar o is now only being used in the first syllable, ıbeing used in the subsequent syllables pronounced as o. This is another “product” of assimilation policy.