Altınordu dağıldıktan sonra bir kısım tatarlar polonyaya gittiler
polonyadaki tatar uhlanlar (oğlanlar) o kadar etkili savaşçılardı ki hemen hemen tüm komşu ülkelerde taklit edilmiş, komşu ülkelerde uhlan(oğlan-genç) adını verdikleri süvari birlikleri oluşturmuşlardı, uhlanların üniformalarında özellikle şapkalar dikkat çekiyordu Uhlans (in Polish: “Uan”; “Ulan” in German, from Turkish oğlan [1]) were Polish light cavalry armed with lances, sabres and pistols. The title was later used by lancer regiments in the Prussian and Austrian armies.
Uhlan (also spelled “Ulan”, Polish: Ułan) were originally Polishcavalry soldiers armed with lances. These troops were light cavalry, and wore the national dress and czapka(şapka)(or lancer cap). They were introduced into the Prussian service in 1740, but failed to distinguish themselves in the First Silesian War, and it was only after the treaty of Tilsit (1807) that Ulan regiments were again formed in the Prussian army. An army unit consisting of mounted soldiers is commonly known as cavalry. … The term lance has become a catchall for a variety of different pole weapons based on the spear. … Events May 31 – Friedrich II comes to power in Prussia upon the death of his father, Friedrich Wilhelm I. October 20 – Maria Theresia of Austria inherits the Habsburg hereditary dominions (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary and present-day Belgium). … A railway bridge in Tilsit Sovetsk (Советск) is a town on the Neman River in the Russian Kaliningrad Oblast, which prior to 1945 was known by its German name, Tilsit, and was in East Prussia. …
In the Austrian army a “Uhlan-pulk ” of Poles was formed in 1784 and ordinary Uhlan regiments of Austrian cavalry in 1791. 1784 was a leap year starting on Thursday (see link for calendar). …Manfred von Richthofen was in an Uhlan regiment from 1911 to 1915.
1919-20 Tatar Uhlan Regiment, used during the Polish Soviet War 1919-20
Polish-Lithuanian Tatars
polonya uhlanları
Saxon Uhlans 1730-63.
by Vlad Gromoboy
First Ulahn troops appeared in Saxon army in 1730, when two companies of Polish-style light horses were raised, each of about 120 men ((2) and (4)).
Uhlan from Red Company and officer from Blue. Illustration from (2).
Uhlans were dressed in Polish-styled white coats with lining, breeches and undercoat in companies color: red and blue. They were armed with a sabre, pike with red-white or white-blue vane and a pare of pistols. Some Uhlans had Tartarian bows.
Uhlan troops were on intermediate state and did not belonged either to the Saxon regular army or to the army of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. I believe, that they were irregular troops on Saxon service. They stationed in Poland and were used for patrol and courier duties. During the war of Polish Succession 1733-35 Uhlans stayed loyal to the Wettin dynasty in contrast to the most of Polish-Lithuanian armed forces. Schuster and Francke mentioned that during the campaign of 1734 2 Fahnen of Polish light horses acted with Chevaulegers under lieutenant-colonel count Bitum (evidently later Prinz Karl Chevaulegers) (4).
After the end of hostilities in 1735 the Uhlan troops survived and their number was increased. Jahns wrote that by 1740 Saxon army included 7 Fahnens of Uhlans, each was of 3 officers, 34 Towarczys (a knight or noble) and 34 Pocztowi (knecht or private) (3), while Schuster and Francke give the strength of Saxon Uhlans in 1740 of 12 fahnen under the command of Colonel von Bledowsky (4). On 1 Jan 1741 a 13th fahnen was added, on 1 May 1741 a 14th and 15th fahnen (4) (after (3) only 14 in 1741). Evidently they operated together under common command of colonel Bledowsky (Blentowski, Belwedowski) because Tessin shows them in 1740-42 as a single regiment (6).
Schuster and Francke wrote that each man of a Uhlan Fahne received for his armament a pictol and cartridge box, every common Uhlan also received a carbine. Each individual was responsible for providing is own sabre and lance. The uniform in about 1740 was white with blue facings. The Uhlans were especially recruited in Lithuania and from Tartars. During peacetime they were used to secure the roads between Saxony and Warsaw, and to occupy the Salt Work at Wieliczka, and at the same time used with regular Saxon Cheveauxleger Regiments. The staff of a Uhlan Fahne in the Fall of 1741 from Schuster and Francke differs a little from Jan’s one: 1 Rittmeister, 1 Lieutenant, 1 Cornet, 1 Kettledrummer, each with a Pocztowi (private), 46 Towarczys (Polish nobles), 46 Pocztowi (privates), together 100 men (4) .
Uhlans evidently operated with Saxon army as a recognize troops during the 1st Silesian war and in March 1743 they returned to Poland where their number was increased to a total of 23 fahnen ((3) and (4)). They were reorganized in three Pulk (regiments in Polish) under Colonels Bledowsky, Sychodzinsky and Wilczewsky, the first two from the original 15 fahnen and the latter from the newly created 8 fahnen (4). Tessin (6) wrote that Sychodzinsky and Wilczewsky (Wilozewsky after Tessin) were created in 1742 so it is possible that reorganization of Uhlans was started in 1742 and completed only next year when new fahnen and recruits were added.
At the end of September 1744 3 Pulks of Uhlans (Wilczewsky, Bledowsky and Sychodzinsky) were departed for Saxony from Poland and on 2 October 1744 joined the Main army at Adorf. The fresh-created Ulan Pulk followed them in winter 1745 and on 17 May 1745 there were 4 Uhlan pulks with the Saxon Army that entered Silesia with the Austrians: Bertuszewsky of 6 fahnen, Rudnicki, Ulan and Boreslav each of 8 fahnen.
The Battle Order of the Saxon army in October 1745 includes 4 Uhlan’s pulks: Belwedowski, Ulan, Rudnicki and Bertuszewski (4). Did Belwedowski change Boreslav or it is the same unit I do not know. The same 4 regiments are shown in the Saxon BO at Kesselsdorf on December 15, 1745 under command of v. Sybilsky (4).
After the defeat at Kesselsdorf Saxony left the WAS and about post-war development of Uhlan troops we know a little. In the middle of January 1746 they returned to Poland and Tessin wrote that 3 Uhlan regiments were disbanded in same year (6) while the “Plan der Koniglich Polnischen Kursachsichen Armee 1747” still mentioned in 1747 six so-called “Tartarische Fahnen” stationed in Poland and totaled 5 400 (5).
Fahnen
Coat
cuffs & lapels
Vest
trousers
buttons
Blentowski
White
l. blue
l. blue
l. blue
silver
Rutonitzki
White
red
Red
red
silver
Wilzewsky
White
blue
Blue
blue
silver
Partouschewitz
White
green
Green
green
silver
Borzislawsky
White
black
White
white
silver
Ulanen
White
black
Black
black
silver
Evidently 3 Uhlan Pulks were disbanded shortly after the Saxony left the WAS but exact date is unclear. On 1 June 1754 August had 3 Pulks of Uhlans: Wilczewsky, Rudnicki and Bronikowsky (4).
Fahnen
Coat
Lining color
Vest and breeches
lace
buttons
Wilczewsky
White
red
blue mourant
gold
gold
Rutonitzki
White
blue
blue mourant
gold
gold
Bronikowsky
White
yellow
blue mourant
gold
gold
By the start of the 7YW all of them stayed in Poland and did not participated in the Pirna campaign. When Saxon army was rebuilt in exile, two Pulks joined them in Hungary and operated with them in 1757-62. About 1757 Renard Uhlanen and Rudnicki Uhlanen were with a strength of 603 and 602 men respectively and 575 horses each (4). They took part in several campaigns including Kolin. Wilzewsky Uhlans stayed in Poland the whole war and did not participated in any actions.
Red Pulk. Black middlehigh furcap. White overcloth with very wide and long sleeves. A little, low red upstanding collar, red turnbacks and red lining. On the collar red-white laces and the same lace on the breast where was on the right side (of the middle) 4 x 2 gilded buttons. On the turnbacks which reached halfway down the thighs were in the same red-white lace the crowned AR. Red waistcoat with red-white lacing along edges. Red baggy trousers reaching to the ankles. White-red sash.
Blue Pulk. As the red pulk, just change red with blue. Buttons silver. Sash red-white. The laces in 1-2-3. Very curved sabre in black scabbard. Brass handle and fittings. Black boots without spurs.
It is known that the pulks had brass kettle drums. Their standards were with a white cross on and the squares red or blue, on the pole a gilded button.
After the death of the August II in 1763 his successor Frederick August could not achieve the Polish Crown and shortly after this Uhlan regiments were disbanded.
The lineage of Saxon Uhlan regiments is unclear and I could not rebuild it. Various sources give different variants of the Uhlans development and transcriptions of the colonel’s names.
the helmet of the month 01: Schapska of non-commissioned officer of the 14th Prussian Uhlans Rgt. (2nd Hannoversches Ulanen-Rgt.)
Since the creation of the Polish lancers regiments by Napoléon, the Schapska became the traditional headdress of lancers regiments of all countries. Prussia, Austria and Russia have been created their Uhlans regiments with recruits raised in their Polish districts absorbed after the sharing of Poland to the XVIII century. The Prussian schapska is made of rigid varnished leather. Its leather lining is different as those of the spiked helmets. The model shown here comply with the regulations of 1894/97: cornered mortaroard 14.5 cm wide, fixing of the domed chinscales by lugs and loops (Knopfs 89), on the left only,e the empire cockade (red white black). The plate to the Prussian eagle of the Line carries the traditional scroll with the motto “mit Gott Für Koenig und Vaterland” and the particular round scroll described below. According to the regiment, fittings (and buttons of the uniforms) were in white or yellow metal. In the Prussian regiments, chinscales and fixing were always yellow (in brass or tombak). The Feldzeichen (a wooden rosette covered with cloth) in the Prussian colours (white and black) was placed on the middle of the left side of the mortarboard. The Feldzeichen, as the Fangschnur (white cord with rackets and fringes – white for the troop and mixed black and white for non-commissioned officers) was carried in all circumstances. On parade, a plume (Haarbusch) behind the Felzeichen and a Rabatte at the basis of the mortarboard were added on the schapska. The Haarbusch was in white horsehair for the troop (black and white for the Prussian non-commissioned officers) and the ‘ Rabatte’ made of cloth of the facing colour of the Rgt. (here crimson red). At their amalgamation in the Prussian army after the annexation of the Hannover in 1866, the old Hannovrian Rgts were completely ‘Prussianised’, losing all their distinctives. In 1899, Kaiser Wilhelm II awarded to all Hannovrian regiments and those of the former Hesse-Nassau scrolls commemorating the engagement of the troops of these states with the English army in Spain and at Waterloo.Thus the 14th Uhlans Rgt. received on its headplate the battle honors ” Peninsula – Waterloo-Garzia-Hernandez ” displayed on a round scroll.
uhlanlar savaşı
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Lithuania, Napoleon’s Ally On The Road To Moscow
The Story Of The Lithuanian Tartars Of The Imperial Guard By John Beresford Welsh, Jr. Olympia, WAVersion française
Napoleon established the Lithuanian Tartars of the Guard towards the end of the French Empire in the course of his invasion of Russia. The part they would play during their brief existence in serving Napoleonic France extended far beyond their role in the Russian campaign, however. With their numbers greatly reduced, the unit never lost its cohesion, and fought through the campaigns of Germany and France until the fall of the Empire in 1814, sharing in the glorious legacy of the Grande Armée. The Grand Duchy of Lithuania was then a part of Russia, bordering Poland. Like Poland, Napoleon believed that the Lithuanians, mostly Catholic, with their own history and traditions, were anxious for independence. Historically, Lithuania had earlier been joined in a commonwealth with Poland in 1648, whose borders included the Ukraine almost to the Black Sea. But in the mid-seventeenth century, Russia under Peter the Great expanded westward towards Europe, absorbing the Ukraine. Finally, between 1762 and 1795, Russia, Austria and Prussia, in an unholy alliance, partitioned the Polish-Lithuanian union among them, with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania incorporated into the Russian empire. Under Napoleon, a semblance of the Polish state was revived under the Treaty of Tilsit in 1807, as a consequence of his victories at Austerlitz over Austria and Russia, and at Jena over Prussia. Napoleon created the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, nominally under the suzerainty of his ally the King of Saxony. Moreover, Napoleon’s victory over Austria at Wagram forced Austria to concede some territory to the Grand Duchy, under the terms of the Treaty of Schonbrun in 1809. Napoleon stopped short of resurrecting the Polish kingdom out of deference to the Tsar, the new ally he would need against England. But he refused to ratify the convention in St. Petersburg, signed by the French Ambassador, Caulaincourt, that an independent kingdom of Poland would not be established. Fortifying his friendship with Prince Poniatowski, the new ruler of the Polish grand duchy, Napoleon admitted his bodyguard into the French Imperial Guard which became known as the 1st Regiment of Light Horse Lancers. As a valued ally, Prince Poniatowski would earn a marshal’s baton before his heroic death at the battle of Leipzig in 1814. Lithuania, too, would play a strategic role in Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812. Napoleon’s initial plan was to occupy a friendly Lithuania, fortifying Smolensk and Minsk, and force the Tsar to come to terms. Failing that, Russia proper would be invaded in the following year. It was not to happen that way however. Alexander refused to negotiate; and after taking Smolensk in a hard battle, an impatient Napoleon would press on to Moscow. On June 23, the Grande Armée crossed the river Niemen, which separated Poland from Lithuania, heading towards Vilna (now Vilnius), the capital of the grand duchy. The Tsar abandoned it without a fight. But the reception of the Grande Armée was anything but friendly, and the inhabitants barricaded themselves in their homes to protect themselves from the brilliant cavalcade’s predatory looters. The invasion was already disappointing, occasioned by torrential rains, sultry heat and low morale. Filled with hope for the restoration of a fully independent Poland, the Polish Diet in Warsaw jumped the gun and proclaimed unilaterally the restoration of the Kingdom of Poland, uniting the Grand Duchy of Warsaw with the Grand Duchy of Lithuania. This had not been done with Napoleon’s blessing for fear of alienaang the Tsar with whom he wished to conclude a peace. It had an even worse effect on Lithuanian landowners, who were uneasy about an association with Poland and Napoleon’s threat to free the serfs, and whose support he needed for the invasion of Russia. Napoleon himself kept the issues cloudy, neither recognizing the Kingdom of Poland beyond its status as a Grand Duchy, nor squelching Polish or Lithuanian national aspirations. Indeed, he encouraged them by authorizing the creation of another regiment of lancers in July of 1812, recruited from the wealthy class of landowners of Lithuania, and admitting it to his Imperial Guard as the 3rd Regiment of Light Horse Lancers. (The 2nd Regiment was Dutch, being the bodyguard of former King Louis, Napoleon’s brother, who lost his kingdom out of disloyalty. Holland was incorporated directly into the Empire, but his elite regiment was admitted into the Imperial Guard as the famous “Red Lancers.”) Such was the politics behind the invasion. The squadron of Lithuanian Tartars was created at Vilna on October 8,1812 to be raised, interestingly enough, from the Moslem descendants of Genghis Khan who had settled in Lithuania during the Middle Ages. The idea for the unit was proposed in July of that year to one of the Emperor’s aides-de-camp, General Count Van Hogendorp, then Govemor-General of the Grand Duchy under French occupation. Major Mustapha Mura Achrnatowicz, a lieutent colonel in the Polish cavalry, actually suggested the idea and offered to raise the unit if it were incorporated into Napoleon’s Imperial Guard. The Guard had long since become European, and Napoleon approved the proposal since he had a great need for cavalry, much of which had already been destroyed dunng the course of the invasion in the oppressive summer heat. Perhaps Napoleon also had in mind a counterpan to the Russian cossacks, ancient enemies of the Tartars. In any event, it marned Lithuanian asptrations to the French and Polish cause in a joint effort against the Tsar. Napoleon appointed Major Achrnatowicz as the chef d ‘escadron, and on 24 August 1812 charged him with raising a regiment. But due to the lack of patriotic vigor among Lithuanians generally, and the already disastrous consequences of the campaign, the major was only able to raise a squadron. The uniforms of the Lithuanian Tartars were distinctive and reflected their ethnic origins and traditions. In a way, they appear to be similar to the oriental garb of their Moslem cousins, the Mamelukes. In the beginning, each man dressed in a rather individualized fashion, sporling brilliant and varied colors. The weapons too preserved this heritage with Turkish scimitars for sabers, as well as lances. The badge on their fur busbies was the crescent. And for religious purposes, an Iman or spiritual leader was with the squadron. Later on, as French fortunes waned in the course of the sufferings of long marches and incessant fighting, their uniforms became more conventional, replaced with the issue of regulation equipment and spare clothing during the rigors of campaigning. The sabre-a-laturc was replaced by a Polish lancer saber of the model Year Xl in the reorganization in April 1813. The story of the Lithuanian Tartars in Russia is perhaps no less heroic or tragic than that of the Grande Armée in general. The squadron took severe losses before Vilna on December 10 and 12, 1812 protecting the retreat of the Grande Armée begun on October 19 from Moscow. Only 30 survivors reached the French lines at Posen. Achmatowicz was killed. Lieutenant Lubanski became the provisional commandant. And Captain-Sultan Samuel Murza Ulan succeeded him. The subsequent strength of the squadron was recorded at 63 men, two lieutenants, and two marechals-des-logis (sergeants). The campaign of Russia was over. The campaign of Germany was about to begin. Marshal Bessieres, Colonel-General of the cavalry of the Guard, authorized Captain Ulan to recruit a new regiment of Lithuanian Tartars from sympathetic Russian prisoners who had been obliged to serve the Tsar. Napoleon also authorized him to recruit in France and establish a depot at Metz. Unfortunately, Ulan was to learn that some 200 Tartars had already been sent to Italy to reinforce the 1st and 2nd foreign regiments there. He was able to bring back with him some 50 Tartars however, who linked up with the squadron at Frankfort, Germany. In March 1813, Marshal Bessieres incorporated the squadron of the Lithuanian Tartars, now reduced to 50 men and 3 officers, into the debris of the 3rd Regiment of Lancers of the Guard, itself raised in Lithuania. This unfortunate regiment, created in July, was totally destroyed on October 19, 1812 at Slonim. The only survivors came from its depot. The strength of the Tartar squadron was recorded at 24 men onJune 22, and at 26 Tartars on July 11, of which 6 still wore the old uniforms. Shortly thereafter on December 9, in a desire to strengthen the 1st Regiment of Lancers of the Guard, which was in fact Polish, Bessieres incorporated the 3rd Lancers, including the Lithuanian Tartars, into it. As independent formations, the two Lithuanian units in the Imperial Guard ceased to exist. The Polish and Lithuanian contingents in the French army seemed destined to merge. They would however continue to serve as separate fighting units within the Polish lancer regiment throughout the campaigns of Germany and France. Organizationally, the first six companies of the now augmented 1st Regiment of Lancers, were considered “Old Guard”; the next six companies as “Middle Guard”; and the 13th and 14th companies as “Young Guard”. The Lithuanian Tartars comprised the 15th company, under Ulan with Jorahim and Assan as officers, and were considered “Middle Guard” as of August 1813. They fought at Leipzig and Hanau in that status under Captain Ulan and Lieutenant Ibraim, with Assan-Alny as their Iman. Fifty men and three officers were recorded present at the battle of Dresden on August 27, 1813. On December 9, 1813, the Guard cavalry underwent further reorganization with the creation of three eclaireur or scout regiments, attached to the Grenadiers, Dragoons and 1st Lancer regiments of the French Imperial Guard respectively. Napoleon had in mind a French counterpart to the Russian cossacks that had harrassed so effectively the French flanks during the retreat from Moscow. As a consequence of this reorganization, the last eight companies of the 1st Lancers became the 3rd Eclaireurs. This regiment was actually attached to the 1st Lancers and placed under the overall command of its colonel, General Count Krasinski. The chef d ‘escadron or commandant of the 3rd Eclaireurs was Major Jean Kozietulski. It was as scout lancers then that the Lithuanian Tartars fought the campaign of France in 1814, to the very gates of Paris. By December 30, 1813, the Lithuanian Tartars could count available only 16 mounted men and 7 unmounted. In April 1814, after the abdication of the Emperor, Captain Ulan led 14 surviving Tartars back to Poland, terminating their brief but honorable service to Napoleon and the cherished cause of Lithuanian independence. General Krasinski placed the Polish-Lithuanian regiment at the disposition of the Tsar in a final humiliation. Lithuania today is only a shadow of its former self, now one of the republics within the Soviet Union. Briefly independent as a result of the treaty ending hostilities between Imperial Germany and revolutionary Russia at the end of World War I, Lithuania was once again annexed by Russia in 1940. But history seems to be repeating itself, with the declaration of independence on 11 March 1990 by Lithuania after 50 years of Soviet rule. The aspirations of the Lithuanian people are again apparently a bargaining chip in global politics. .
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